六、结论
科莫罗夫(Comaroff,1980)指出,人类学中有关婚姻支付的研究主要集中于两个方面:一是婚姻支付与社会群体结构、身份确立、权利让渡之间的关系;二是婚姻支付与姻亲协商之间的功能性关系。换言之,人类学家将婚姻支付视为婆家和娘家采用的一种策略。传统社会中婚姻不是个体之间的私事,而是两个亲属群体(亲族或家庭)之间的事情,它们构成了一个社区的公共事件。而阎云翔在下岬村的分析中,则采用了另外一种强调新建立夫妇单元积极性和能动性的分析视角,将近年来婚姻支付的不断上涨归因为个体性和夫妻关系的上升、父权制的衰弱与家庭内部平衡的重新界定(阎云翔,2000:170-200)。下岬村的研究中主要以婆家的婚姻支付为主,而有关娘家婚姻支付的分析略显单薄,这可能与当地婚姻支付的来源与结构有着很大关系。
Q镇婚姻支付的实践却表明,狭小的通婚半径让镇内更多的家庭卷入到包括姻亲关系在内的非血缘关系中,居住地的邻近又强化了亲属制度实践的稳定性,从而使姻亲关系对当地民众日常生活产生了持续而重要的影响。因此,个体性与夫妻关系的上升,尤其是女方位置的上升并不是一个独立的因素,它与娘家的支持以及娘家位置的上升密切相关。与从前的婚姻偿付相比,近年来婚姻资助的上涨以及流动方向的变化表明了姻亲关系的变化,反映了娘家地位的提升。持续上升的婚姻资助标志着娘家与婆家的位置逐渐趋于平等,从而强化了姻亲关系在民间社会生活中的作用。
Q镇的个案说明,作为姻亲关系一方的娘家利用了婚姻支付的变迁,用以争取与新建立家庭的联系,来达成与婆家地位平等的谋划,这对于亲属制度稳定的当地居民来说意义尤为重大。婚姻支付的不断上涨不仅是因为个体性或夫妻关系的上升,实际上它还被视为一种传统的文化资源和社会资源,为姻亲家庭所沿用和拓展,并日益发展成为谋求姻亲秩序的重要途径。换言之,传统的姻亲分析框架仍然适用,但是婚姻支付的流向、内容、意义与功能却出现了巨大变化,并在不同的时空条件下呈现其地方性。
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