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回想马林诺夫斯基旨在关切人的自由这一初衷，我们发现第一层道德观中所暗藏的悖论：“健康的社会生活必须以真正的宗教价值体系为基础”[51]，因为宗教保障个体作为自由人存在的权利。但同时宗教“本质上都是道德的……因为它们是一种牺牲”，“它们总是要求个人为了共同体的利益而竭尽全力、恪守纪律和谦恭服从”，甚至“为了共同的福祉而牺牲了个体的幸福”，这里“总是要求”是对每个个体都必须服从的明确表达。马林诺夫斯基文中未对“共同的福祉”做进一步界定，但道德性要求个体必然服从共同体利益，并为之牺牲幸福却让我们看到个体自由的缺席。保障个人自由的初衷却以使个人让渡其自由而告终，这恐怕是马林诺夫斯基也没有想到的。[52]
第二层中马林诺夫斯基进一步表述其道德观，即“共同的责任感、互惠的仁慈和善意”，但这仅限于共同体内部。我们依其逻辑做一推论：某宗教团体因信仰同一个神而增强了共同体认同感，成员之间恪守责任，仁爱善意，为共同的目标——共同体的福祉而努力，实现了马林诺夫斯基的“道德”。但这道德却无法维系共同体之间的和谐，相反，共同体内部越是友善尽责，共同体的利益实现得越是充分，共同体之间的纷争越是激烈，甚至可能引发战争，置个体生命于危险之中，更遑论自由。“道德”的程度越高，对社会个人的危害反而越大，马林诺夫斯基试图解决人类危机的理路却将人类重新引入危机，这亦是他所始料不及的。
马林诺夫斯基在晚期的《自由与文明》一书中将整个人类视为一个文化共同体[53]，而他此前讨论宗教、巫术和神话的一系列文章中对“灵”(有时称“超自然力量”)的论述[54]，则为我们从中引申出一个全人类所共同信仰的绝对他者提供了契机，也为他摆脱局限于具体的宗教共同体内部的功利道德论提供了可能，对此，笔者将另撰文予以说明，此处暂不详述。
马林诺夫斯基是有大爱的，他希望经由功能为神话-宗教辩护，试图从中找出摆脱人类当下危机的路径;但普适诉求与经验主义之间的矛盾让他的大爱陷入了无奈。尽管如此，我仍然认为马林诺夫斯基困境是相关研究“向来所能陷入的最富裨益的困境”[55]，正如纳德尔所说，他的混淆是其短亦是其长，其中包含着对人和人类命运的清晰洞察，而这个视角，是我们所不能抛弃的[56]。
注释：
[1] S. F. Nadel,“Malinowski on Magic and Religion”,in Raymond Firth (eds.), Man and Culture: An Evaluation of the Work of Bronislaw Malinowski, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957, p.189.
[2] Bronislaw Malinowski,“The Foundations of Faith and Morals”, in Ivan Strenski (eds.), Malinowski and the Work of Myth, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, p.131.
[3] Bronislaw Malinowski,“The Foundations of Faith and Morals”, in Ivan Strenski (eds.), Malinowski and the Work of Myth, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, p.133.
[4] Bronislaw Malinowski, “Myth in Primitive Psychology”, in Robert Redfield (eds.), Magic, Science and Religion and Other Essays, Boston: Beacon Press, 1948, p.72-124.
[5] Bronislaw Malinowski, “Magic, Science and Religion”, in Robert Redfield (eds.), Magic, Science and Religion and Other Essays, Boston: Beacon Press, 1948, p.1-72.
[6] Bronislaw Malinowski,“The Foundations of Faith and Morals”, in Ivan Strenski (eds.), Malinowski and the Work of Myth, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, p.132.
[7] Bronislaw Malinowski,“The Foundations of Faith and Morals”, in Ivan Strenski (eds.), Malinowski and the Work of Myth, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, p.132.
[8] Bronislaw Malinowski,“The Foundations of Faith and Morals”, in Ivan Strenski (eds.), Malinowski and the Work of Myth, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, p.172.
[9] Bronislaw Malinowski,“The Foundations of Faith and Morals”, in Ivan Strenski (eds.), Malinowski and the Work of Myth, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, p.172.
[10] Bronislaw Malinowski,“The Foundations of Faith and Morals”, in Ivan Strenski (eds.), Malinowski and the Work of Myth, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, p.172.
[11] Bronislaw Malinowski,“The Foundations of Faith and Morals”, in Ivan Strenski (eds.), Malinowski and the Work of Myth, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, p.132.
[12] Bronislaw Malinowski,“The Foundations of Faith and Morals”, in Ivan Strenski (eds.), Malinowski and the Work of Myth, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, p.134.
[13] Bronislaw Malinowski,“The Foundations of Faith and Morals”, in Ivan Strenski (eds.), Malinowski and the Work of Myth, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, p.132.
[14] Bronislaw Malinowski,“The Foundations of Faith and Morals”, in Ivan Strenski (eds.), Malinowski and the Work of Myth, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, p.134.
[15] Bronislaw Malinowski,“The Foundations of Faith and Morals”, in Ivan Strenski (eds.), Malinowski and the Work of Myth, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, p.134-135.
[16] Bronislaw Malinowski,“The Foundations of Faith and Morals”, in Ivan Strenski (eds.), Malinowski and the Work of Myth, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, p.135.
[17] Bronislaw Malinowski,“The Foundations of Faith and Morals”, in Ivan Strenski (eds.), Malinowski and the Work of Myth, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, p.135-136.
[18] Bronislaw Malinowski,“The Foundations of Faith and Morals”, in Ivan Strenski (eds.), Malinowski and the Work of Myth, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, p.148.
[19] Bronislaw Malinowski,“The Foundations of Faith and Morals”, in Ivan Strenski (eds.), Malinowski and the Work of Myth, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, p.141.
[20] Bronislaw Malinowski,“The Foundations of Faith and Morals”, in Ivan Strenski (eds.), Malinowski and the Work of Myth, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, p.139.
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文章来源：中国民俗学网
【本文责编：赵昱】
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