结语
从现代学术史的角度来看,近200年来民俗学的发展推动了史诗研究,民族学、人类学、语言学等众多现代学科的建立,也为史诗的发现、发掘和研究不断开辟了新的道路。近半个世纪以来,人们在当代世界的形形色色的社会中又发现了大量的活形态的口传史诗,正所谓言史诗不必称希腊和罗马。中国现代学术史上对国外史诗的介绍和研究已经有百年的历史,但是,我国学术界对少数民族史诗的研究只有半个多世纪的历史,对于史诗的学理探讨至今还相当薄弱。近20年来,尤其是进入21世纪以后,随着发展中国家进入快速的现代化建设,一些有识之士感到传统文化的脆弱性和它的珍贵价值。口传史诗作为特定族群或集团的文化表达样式,和其他民间文化样式一样,被纳入传统文化的抢救与保护范围,引起越来越多的关注。
引证书目:
[美]弗里(J. M. Foley) 2000 《口头诗学:帕里-洛德理论》(The Theory of Oral Composition: History and Methodology),朝戈金译,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
Bauman, Richard. 1974 Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking, Cambridge University Press.
———————. 1977 Verbal Art as Performance, Prospect Heights: Waveland.
———————. 1986 Story, Performance, and Event: Contextual Studies of Oral Narrative. Cambridge.
Bowra , C.M. 1961 Heroic Poetry, Macmillan & Co Ltd.
Brogan, T. V. F. ed. 1994 The New Princeton Handbook of Poetic Terms, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Foley, J. M. 1991. Immanent Art: From Structure to Meaning in Oral Traditional Epic, Indiana University Press.
———————. 1998 Teaching Oral tradition,The Modern Language Association.
———————. ed. 1990 Oral-Formulaic Theory: A Folklore Casebook, Garland Publishing, INC., New York &London.
Hainsworth, J. B. 1991. The Idea of Epic, University of California Press.
Honko, Lauri. 1998 Textualising the Siri Epic,FFC No.264, Helsinki, Finnland.
Lord, A. B. 2000 The Singer of Tales. Harvard Studies in Comparative Literature 24. Cambridge, Mass.
Kirk, G. S. 1962 The Songs of Homer. Cambridge, England.
Murko, Matija. 1990 The Singers and Their Epic Songs, in Oral-Formulaic Theory: A Folklore Casebook, ed. John Miles Foley, Garland Publishing Inc. New York and London, 1990, pp.3-31.
Nagy, Gregory. 1990 Greek Mythology and Poetics,Cornell University Press.
—————————. 1996 Homeric Questions, University of Texas Press, Austin.
Ong, W.J. 1982 Orality and Literacy, London.
Zumwalt, Rosemary Lévy. 1988 American Folklore Scholarship: A Dialogue of Dissent ,Indiana University Press, Bloomington And Indianapdis.
——————————. 1998 A Historical Glossary of Critical Approaches, in Teaching Oral Traditions. New York, Foley, J. M. ed.
[古希腊]亚里士多德 1996 《诗学》,陈中梅 译注,商务印书馆。
[法]让·贝西埃,[加]伊·库什纳,[比]罗·莫尔捷,[比]让·韦斯格尔伯主编 2002 《诗学史》(上册) ,史忠义 译,百花文艺出版社。
[俄]维谢洛夫斯基著 2003《历史诗学》,刘宁 译,北京:百花文艺出版社。
On Paradigm Shift of Epic Studies Yin Hubin
(Institute of Ethnic Literature, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
Abstract:
With the coming era of globalization, the idea of epic and the paradigm of epic studies have shook off the shackles between the civilizations of East and West. In the meantime, the western classic poetics since Aristotle has become a particular school of literary thought instead of mainstream discourse. The idea of epic has gradually been changed under the perspective of multi-culturalism. The rediscovery of oral tradition in the nineteenth century by the Romantic nationalists and later on the rediscovery of oral epics in the second part of twentieth century in the variety of contemporary societies have promoted such changes. In the past five decades, Chinese epic studies has experienced great development while still with some problems of limitations: the historical description of national or regional epics, outside study with the method of historical reconstructions which always focusing on social contents in the epics, taking the epics as national literary cannon, Chinese epic studies have been the ideological oriented, instead of academic research. This paper points out that, the study of Chinese epic laws should be based on the specific text, genre and tradition. The epics of ethnic groups in China are still in living oral tradition, this is also the departure point of Chinese epic scholarship.
Key words: oral tradition, idea of epic, paradigm
[①]参见Gregory Nagy:Homeric Questions,University of Texas Press, Austin,1996。作者提出关于荷马史诗发展的假定模式:一部活态的史诗传统,以其长期发展显示出史诗的完整性,它们来自于史诗创作、表演、流布的相互作用,这一切都是演进的过程。
[②] 《历史诗学》,[俄]维谢洛夫斯基著, 刘宁译, 北京:百花文艺出版社 2003年。第9页。
[③] 《历史诗学》,[俄]维谢洛夫斯基著, 刘宁译, 北京:百花文艺出版社 2003年。第406页。
[④] C.M. Bowra, From Virgil to Milton, London: Macmillan, 1945, p. 1.
[⑤] The New Princeton Handbook of Poetic Criticisms, editor, T. V. F. Brogan, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994.p. 80.
[⑥] 诗学(Poetics),语言学用来指运用语言学的理论和方法对诗歌进行的分析。但有些语言学家(罗曼·雅可布逊)赋予这个术语以较广的涵义,将任何美学上的或创造性的使用口说或书写语言媒体都纳入语言的“诗学功能”内。(《现代语言学词典》,〔英〕戴维·克里斯特尔 编,沈家煊译,北京:商务印书馆2002年,第275页)
[⑦] 表演理论(Performance Theory),或称“美国表演学派”(American Performance-school),是当代美国民俗学界乃至世界民俗学领域最富影响和活力的理论与方法论之一。
[⑧]或译为民族诗学(Ethnopoetics),指研究土生民族采用的各种口头艺术形式(包括诗歌)。研究重点在口头艺术话语的语言表达效果和结构衔接特征,以及转写和书面表达的方法。(《现代语言学词典》,〔英〕戴维·克里斯特尔 编,沈家煊译,北京:商务印书馆2002年,第131页)
[⑨]参见拙作《口头文学研究的十个误区》,南宁:《民族艺术》2005年第4期。
[⑩] Arthur T. Hatto, Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry. I. The Traditions. London: The Modern Humanities Research Association. 1980. P. 3.
[11] Webster’s Ninth Collegiate Dictionary 1991, Springfield: Meririam-Webster Inc.
[12] Textualising the Siri Epic, Lauri Honko, Folklore Fellow Communications, No. 264. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. p. 28.
[13] Brenda E. F. Beck, The Three Twins. The Telling of a South Indian Folk Epic. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1982. P. 196.
[14] Textualising the Siri Epic, Lauri Honko, Folklore Fellow Communications, No.264. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. 1998. pp. 18-19.
[15] Greek Mythology and Poetics, Gregory Nagy, Cornell University Press, 1990. p. 9.
[16]艾约瑟:“和马传”,《六合丛谈》第十二号,江苏墨海书馆1857年印行。
[17]梁启超:《小说丛话》,《新小说》第7号,1903年。
[18] 梁启超《饮冰室诗话·八》,周岚、常弘编,长春:时代文艺出版社,1998年2月。
[19] 王国维:《教育偶感》,《静庵文集》,辽宁教育出版社1997年版,第125页。
[20] 王国维:《文学小言》,《静庵文集》,辽宁教育出版社1997年版,第169页。
[21] 胡适《白话文学史》,北京:东方出版社,1996年3月。第53-55页。
[22] 陈寅恪:《论再生缘》,见《陈寅恪先生文史论集》上卷,第365-367页,香港文文出版社1972年5月。
[23] 任乃强:《关于〈蛮三国〉》,原载《康导月刊》,第6卷第9,10期(1947年)。
[24] The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature, edited by M.C. Howatson and Ian Chilvers, Oxford University Press, 1993. P.237.
[25] 参见《史诗探幽》,潜明滋著, 北京:中国民间文艺出版社1986年。
[26]钟敬文:《史诗论略》,见《格萨尔学集成》(第一卷),赵秉理编,甘肃民族出版社1990年12月。第581-586页。
[27]马克思:《〈政治经济学批判〉导言》,《马克思恩格斯选集》第二卷,第113页。
[28] 参见《刘魁立民间文学论集》,上海文艺出版社1998年3月。第 120-124 页。
本文原刊于《中央民族大学学报》2008年1期
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