俄狄浦斯神话本身就如斯芬克斯之谜一样,是一个认识自笔者的问题。而精神分析学开启了人们的另一个智慧之门,为人们认识自己,认识过去、现在和将来提供了一种可能性。人类学、社会学、民俗学、历史学等学科只不过是拿着一把可能开启一扇新知之门的钥匙逐一进行了试验,在这个试验中,有的进一步丰富了俄狄浦斯神话解读的可能性。本文在写作的过程中,也不断查阅了国内运用俄狄浦斯情结理论进行文学批评的成果,最后发现,虽然运用俄狄浦斯情结理论解读中国文学在近二十年来成果不断,但主要还是运用的精神分析中的“乱伦”冲动的相关理论。就研究对象而言,国内的研究焦点主要集中在对古典文学作品如《孔雀东南飞》和现当代作家作品,如、柔石《怪母亲》、张爱玲《金锁记》、巴金《寒夜》、曹禺《雷雨》、许钦文《津威途中的伴侣》等的解读。这些解读分析的乱伦及其意向主要包括母子之爱(由上至下)、父女乱伦(主要是受压迫女性伦为男权牺牲的性乱伦等)、婆媳矛盾(源于母亲对儿子的强烈占有欲及畸形爱恋)等。总体而言,这种分析,可以看到中华民族的性格、文化特色,如家庭观念、伦理本位、父权与夫权至上的男权主义等打下的深刻烙印,少与西方相关的文学作品进行比较,更少文化上的对比与交流。当然也不乏有不少著述,主要就俄狄浦斯情结与俄狄浦斯式故事的文学作品进行研究,以对莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》、《麦克白》、劳伦斯的《儿子与情人》等作品所反映的俄狄浦斯式情结或者反驳其中存在俄狄浦斯情结为主。这些研究多只是单纯地就文学作品来解读,间或使用社会-历史的方法,联系一定的历史语境进行解读,但总的说来,不够深入,更谈不上多学科借鉴地进行研究。而事实上,考虑整个文化环境、历史语境,民俗生态来对俄狄浦斯型故事及相关文学作品、文化现象等进行研究虽然困难,且不可能进行历史或文化的复原,但终归是向真相靠近一步的科学态度与做法。
The Study and Criticism of Oedipus Complex
Li Lidan
(The literary and Arts Institution of China Central Normal University Wuhan Hubei 430079)
Abstract: This Paper introduces “Family Complex” which was produced by Freud in his theory but has not been noticed popularly like the term “Oedipus Complex”, and the criticism of it by anthropologists Marlinowski, Roheim and Cardiner. At the same time, this paper talks about some other methods of the Oedipus study, such as anthropologists study it as a story in a special context and as a model of hero. This themes assesses the West-Chinese Literary criticism of Oedipus complex briefly, addresses it emphasized on depth psychology study but neglected the methods of anthropology, structuralism, Marxism and Folklore, which restricted the viewpoint of criticism.
Keywords: Oedipus Complex;Family Complex;Freud;Literary Criticism
注释:
作者简介:李丽丹(1979-)女,汉族,湖北松滋人,华中师范大学民间文学专业博士生,主要从事民俗学研究。
[1] 弗洛伊德.精神分析引论[M].北京:商务印书馆.1996.
[2] 弗洛伊德.图腾与禁忌[M].北京:中国民间文艺出版社.1986.
[3] Johnson, Allen and Douglass Price-Williams, 1996 Oedipus ubiquitous: The Family complex in world folk literature. Stanford: Stanford University Press,pp1-32.
[4] Johnson, Allen and Douglass Price-Williams, 1996 Oedipus ubiquitous: The Family complex in world folk literature. Stanford: Stanford University Press,pp1-32.
[5] Alfred Louis Kroeber ,T.T. Waterman. 1920, Source book in Anthropology. Berkeley: University of California Press pp.52-53.
[6] Malinowski. Sex and Repression in Savage Society, 1927,London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner&Co., Ltd.
[7] Erich Fromm. Man for himself : an inquiry into the psychology of ethics,1947.Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.
[8] Géza Róheim . Psychoanalysis and Anthropology, 1950, New York, International University Press, pp. 3-4,262.
[9] Kardiner. Abram and Ralph Linton, The Individual and his Society, 1939, New York: Columbia University Press.pp.445.
[10] Parsons, Talcott. Social Structure and Personality, 1964, New York: Free Press of Glencoe.
[11] 阿兰·邓迪斯.世界民俗学[M].上海文艺出版,1990.第154—156页。
[12] 同上,第162—178页。
[13]转引自 Johnson, Allen and Douglass Price-Williams, 1996, Oedipus ubiquitous: The Family complex in world folk literature. Stanford: Stanford University Press,pp1-36.
[14] Charles W. Joyner, A Model for the Analysis of Folklore Performance in Historical Context. The Journal of American Folklore, Vol.88, No. 349(Jul.-Sep., 1975), 254-265.
[15] 同注释14。
[16] Otto Rank, The Incest Theme in Literature and Legend: Fundamentals of a Psychology of Literary Creation, trans. Gregory C. Richter ,Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. pp 100-101.
[17] 可参看Alan Dundes, Interpreting Folklore. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1980. pp 51.
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文章来源:《长江大学学报》(社会科学版)2006年第5期
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