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简帛禁忌研究
The Study of Taboo in Bamboo Slip and Cloth Piece

【作者】王光华 【导师】彭裕商

【作者基本信息】四川大学，历史文献学，2007年，博士


【摘要 (中文/英文)】 禁忌是因对某种神秘或不洁事物的恐惧而以消极回避的方式所进行的自我抑制。作为社会习俗与信仰的重要组成部分，禁忌曾对社会生活的各个方面产生过深远的影响。业已出土的简帛材料中，包含有大量的禁忌内容，在一定程度上反映了战国秦汉时期的社会思想与生活真实。简帛禁忌在社会史、思想史、文献学诸领域都具有重要的参考价值，以此为突破口去观照当时的社会历史，是对简帛禁忌材料的最好利用。本文通过对简帛日书类、月令类与兵家类文献禁忌材料的搜集整理，勾勒出简帛禁忌的大致框架，进而分析其历史价值与社会意义。主要包括以下几个部分的内容： 在分析禁忌的定义与界限的基础上突出禁忌的历史内涵，关注禁忌所反映的战国秦汉社会。根据传世文献和业已出土的日书材料可知，禁忌现象在战国、秦汉时期已经相当盛行，无论是对上层统治者还是普通民众，都产生了广泛而深刻的影响。究其现实与思想根源，主要有两个方面的原因：一是战国至于秦汉长期战乱以致民不聊生的现实苦难的反映；二是在阴阳五行思想影响下统治者与术士的大力推动。禁忌不仅仅是民俗学，而且也是历史学的重要内容，应对其多一些历史性的考察。 日书是下...更多层民众及中小官吏用以选择吉凶宜忌的实用手册，其中的禁．忌与日常生活息息相关。日常生活禁忌包括三个方面的内容：时日禁忌、方位禁忌、行为禁忌。时日禁忌集中体现在建除忌、十二支忌、二十八宿日忌、特殊忌日以及神煞系统等方面，文中对各项内容加以具体阐释。通过与传世文献相关内容的比较，我们发现秦汉时期的时日禁忌体系已经相当的成熟与完备。方位禁忌常与岁、月、日相结合，形成时空联接的禁忌模式。日书中有形形色色的行为禁忌，如祷祠、寄人、生育、嫁娶、修造、见人、歌乐、买卖、归行、宰杀、逃亡、饮食、葬埋、作事、卜筮、死忌等，影响到人们日常生活的方方面面。其中寄人、逃亡的禁忌是当时特殊的阶级关系的反映，是当时社会现实的真实写照。但大多数的禁忌内容在很长时间内并没有发生大的改变，表明禁忌具有很强的延续性。 月令是在理论上指导天子或诸侯国君每月行政的时宪，主要根据历法知识或阴阳五行的神秘思想来安排上层统治者的重大政治行动，逐月规定他们该做什么或不该做什么。简帛月令禁忌材料集中于子弹库楚帛书与《敦煌悬泉月令诏条》。文章首先通过对楚帛书内容的整体性分析说明其月令性质，然后逐一阐释帛书中的禁忌内容。《敦煌悬泉月令诏条》在内容上与《吕氏春秋·十二纪》、《礼记·月令》、《淮南子·时则训》基本一致，出土文献与传世文献的比较互证，既有利于对《月令诏条》的总体把握，也可以借此纠正传世月令类文献校勘训释的不足。月令禁忌对现实生活并无多大的实际指导作用，统治者对禁忌的利用，反映出政治与民间信仰之间的互动关系。 军事禁忌是简帛禁忌的重要组成部分。本文以马王堆帛书与银雀山汉简兵书为基本依据，结合文献记载，从天时、地理、人事三个角度对简帛军事禁忌加以阐述。天时可以分为天象与时日两个部分，天象主要包括日月、五星、彗星，时日主要包括月忌，日忌中的孤虚、咸池、刑德、兵忌、晦日等内容。地理分为观念形态的地理禁忌、实战过程的地形禁忌。人事禁忌体现在两个方面：时人对战争怀有一定的畏忌心理；战争双方必须遵循相关的行为禁忌。军事禁忌对战争双方具有某种程度的制约作用，对战争决策有一定的影响，是战争中蛊惑人心、激励士气的工具。简帛军事禁忌的研究是对古代军事理论的丰富与扩展。 就具体内容看，简帛禁忌的设定主要有三个方面的理论依据：天文历法、神话传说、阴阳五行，都体现了人们认识自然的方式与水平。禁忌是社会现实在人们头脑中的反映，蕴含着大量的社会习俗、思想信仰的真实成分。简帛禁忌是研究战国秦汉社会的良好素材，这也是简帛禁忌研究的真正价值所在。

The taboo is a negative self-repression for trepidation that come from some mystery or feculent something. As an important part of social convention and belief, taboo had a deep part in society.In the excavated bamboo slips and cloth pieces, there were a large amount of information about taboo,which ,in some degree, reflect social ideology and real life in warring period and qinhan dynasty.In the field of social history, ideology and philology,taboo in bamboo slips and cloth pieces is a important reference. If we can go through these informations to research social history that time, we shall be able to make use of them fully.The thesis draws the outline of taboo in bamboo slips and cloth pieces by triming these informations in LogFile, Menology and Books of Tactics, and anlysize their historical value and social significance.The content can be put as follows: On the basis of analysizing the intension and extension of taboos, the thesis emphasizes their historical meaning and society that they reflected.With best-known philologies and LogFile, we find that taboo had prevailed in warring period and qinhan dynasty, which has a important influence on archons and plebs.The reasons can be put as follows: first, taboo is a reflection of warring hardness;second, taboo is a outcome of Yinyangwuxing.The taboo is important in not only folklore but also history,so we should study it from history view. LogFile was a applied manual that plebs and lower officials judged good or ill luck, the taboo among whom was interrelated closely with daily life.The taboo in daily life included: festival taboo, orientation taboo and behavior taboo. Festival taboos manifest in many aspects, such as Jianchu taboo,Chinese era taboo,twenty-eight stars taboo, special taboo and divinity-evil taboo, and so on.The thesis expounds them concretely. By contrasting with best-known philology, we find that festival taboo in qinhan dynasty had been mature and self-contained. Orientation taboo combined with year, month and day to form a space-time pattern. LogFile comprise of various of behavior taboos, such as rogation,boarding,birth, espousing, building and repairing,business, slaying, escaping, biting and supping, and so on. Boarding and escaping taboos reflected special class consciousness that time.But, in the long period, many taboos had no chang, which indicated the strong continuing of taboo. Menology was a manual that instructed emperor or monarch in theory, which arranged some grand politics by Yinyangwuxing,that is, regulated what emperor or monarch did every month. Menology taboo fastened on cloth piece in chu kingdom and the rescript of hanging-fountain in DunHuang. The thesis illustrates the character of Menology by analyzing roundly the content of cloth piece in chu kingdom , and then to analyzed the taboo. In content, the rescript of hanging-fountain in DunHuang was accordant with TwelveBiography·LushiSpring, Menology·Etiquette, Shizexun·Huainanzi, the excavated philology and best-known philology confirm each other, which is not only in favor of grasping the rescript of hanging-fountain but also correct some deficiencies in best-known philology. Menology taboo had no more actual instruction to real-life. Utilizing the taboo exhibit their interplay between government and peasantry. Martial taboo was a important part of taboo in bamboo slip and cloth piece. On the basis of cloth piece in Mawangdui and books of tactics in Yinqueshan as well as literature,the thesis sets forth Martial taboo from climate, favourable geographical position and personnel'views.Climate includes astronomical phenomena and feast day. Astronomical phenomena comprise of sun and Luna, five-star, comet; feast day comprise of guxu,xianchi,xingde,bingji,huiri in sun taboo and luna taboo. Geographical taboo included ideaistic taboo and actual taboo. Personnel taboo manifest :to some extent,people at that time revere the warfare; both sides in warfare must obey interrelated martial taboo. Martial taboo ,in some degree, restrict both sides in warfare, influence the tactic.In addition, Martial taboo was a tool to delude and bestir soldiers.The study of martial taboo in bamboo slip and cloth piece enriches and enlarges ancient martial theory. As far as concrete content is concerned, taboo in bamboo slip and cloth piece based on chronometer calend, fable and Yinyangwuxing, which manifested the fashion and level that man find out nature. The taboo is a reflection that comes from society in brain, which contains a lot of real social convention and ideology belief. Taboo in bamboo slip and cloth piece was favorable to study the society in warring period and qinhan dynasty, whose true value lies on it.

【关键词 (中文/英文)】 简帛; 禁忌; 日常生活; 月令; 军事 bamboo slip and cloth piece; taboo; everyday life; Month-recordation; military affairs

【发表年期】2008年07期 【网络出版投稿人】四川大学 【DOI】CNKI:CDMD:1.2008.017285