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守护民族的精神家园

【作者】陈廷亮

【导师】胡绍华

【作者基本信息】中央民族大学，中国少数民族史，2009年，博士

【副题名】湘西少数民族非物质文化遗产研究

【摘要】 进入21世纪以来,随着联合国教科文组织2000年设立《人类口头和非物质遗产代表作名录》和2003年颁布《保护非物质文化遗产公约》以来,在文化研究领域,“非物质文化遗产”这个以往颇感陌生的概念已成为社会认知度和使用频率极高的一个词汇。我国自从昆曲、古琴艺术、新疆维吾尔木卡姆艺术、蒙古族长调民歌(与蒙古国联合申报)被联合国教科文组织命名为“人类口头和非物质遗产代表作名录”以来,特别是2005年国务院办公厅《关于加强我国非物质文化遗产保护工作的意见》和《关于加强文化遗产保护的通知》相继出台后,越来越多的人认识到,保护好非物质文化遗产就是守护我们的精神家园、就是延续民族的灵魂血脉。一股“申遗”和保护民间传统文化的热潮正在全国涌动。2004年,湘西土家族苗族自治州被列为全国民族民间文化保护工程综合试点,成为全国30个少数民族自治州中唯一进入该保护工程综合试点的少数民族自治州。这说明湘西少数民族的非物质文化遗产资源十分丰富,同时也说明湘西少数民族非物质文化遗产亟待抢救和保护。湘西土家族苗族自治州地处湖南省西北部的武陵山区,土家族、苗族是境内两大主体民族。自古以来,这里就是土著文化、巴文化、楚文化和汉文化等多元文化的交汇地和沉积带,因此,湘西是一片神奇的土地,是一部厚重的史书,也是一座神秘的民族文化遗产宝库。千百年来,由于湘西少数民族地区所处的特殊地理环境,这里的文化生态系统相对而言还没有遭到大的破坏,许多原生态民族民间文化遗产还较为完整的保存着,勤劳智慧的各民族先民在长期的生产生活实践中创造和提炼出的非物质文化遗产得以世代相传,质朴善良的土家族苗族人民还在顽强地守护着自己的精神家园。湘西少数民族的非物质文化遗产种类繁多,特色鲜明。笔者在参考国际国内相关文件文书对非物质文化遗产的分类标准和学术界的各种分类方法,结合湘西少数民族非物质文化遗产的实际情况,将湘西非物质文化遗产分为口头文化遗产、表演艺术文化遗产、传统技艺文化遗产、民俗文化遗产、饮食文化遗产、医药文化遗产、传统体育竞技与民间绝技文化遗产七大类。这些种类繁多、形式多样、绚丽多姿的非物质文化遗产是湘西各民族人民宝贵的精神财富,也是我国少数民族非物质文化遗产不可分割的重要组成部分。但是,近几十年来,随着我国改革开放和现代化进程的加快,主流文化、外来文化的强势冲击,以及作为湘西少数民族传统文化载体的土家族苗族语言的日趋濒危,使得湘西少数民族地区的文化生态环境环境正在不断恶化,非物质文化遗产的保护与传承同时面临着严重的困境。为此,笔者通过实地调查和研究,指出了湘西少数民族非物质文化遗产保护与传承工作中存在的如地方政府的重申报轻保护、传承人断代、缺乏整体性保护等各种问题,提出了湘西少数民族非物质文化遗产保护需要坚持本真、整体、活态、可持续、以人为本等重要原则,提出了文化空间的保护和传承人的保护、培养是湘西少数民族非物质文化遗产传承香火不断的根本所在。同时,还针对湘西少数民族非物质文化遗产资源存在过度开发、急功近利等问题,提出了湘西少数民族非物质文化遗产合理开发和利用的基本模式和对策。这将会对湘西少数民族非物质文化遗产的保护与传承及合理开发利用提供理论支撑和决策指导,同时也为我国非物质文化遗产保护特别是少数民族非物质文化遗产保护提供一个案例和范式。

【Abstract】 Since the setting up of Directory of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2000 and the enactment of Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2003, the phrase "Intangible Cultural Heritage" has been frequently applied in the field of cultural study in the 21 century. Kunqu Opera, the Art of Guqin Music, Xinjiang Uygur Muqam Arts Ensemble and Mongolian Long-tune Folk Songs (joint declaration with the State of Mongolia) have been enlisted in Directory of Magnum Opus of Human Oral and Intangible Heritage by UNESCO, and especially in 2005, the General Office of the State Council issued Proposition for Strengthening the Safe Guarding of China's Intangible Cultural Heritage and Notification for Strengthening the Safe Guarding of Cultural Heritage, there have been an enthusiasm in protecting and studying the intangible cultural heritage in China. In 2004,Xiangxi Tujia and Miao National Minorities Autonomous Prefecture has been enlisted in the national comprehensive experiment project for protecting minorities and folk culture, being the only autonomous prefecture out of 30 in the country to be enlisted in the project. This fact indicates the richness of resources in intangible cultural heritage as well as the emergence in its rescue and protection. Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture locates in Wuling montanic areas in Northwest of Hunan province, Tujia and Miao national minorities being two of the major nationalities. From the ancient times, this place is a deposition and sedimentation of aboriginal culture, Ba culture, Chu culture and Han culture, and thus a mysterious land, a massive history book and a mysterious treasure-house of national cultural heritage.For thousands of years, owing to its unique geographical environment, the cultural ecological system relatively avoids of major damage and many raw type national and folk cultural heritage remains relatively intact. The intangible cultural heritage created and distilled by the hard-working and intellegent ancesters of the ethnic minorities has passed from generation to generation, and the rustic and kind Tujia and Miao people are still persistantly guarding their spiritual homestead. The kinds of the intangible cultural heritage of Xiangxi ethnic minorities are varied and peculiar. Refering to the relevant ducuments home and abraod concerning the standards of classification of intangible cultural heritage and varied ways of classification in academic field ,and combining the actual situation of the intangible cultural heritage of Xiangxi ethnic minorities, the author classifies Xiangxi intangible cultural heritage into seven categories: oral cultural heritage, performace art cultural heritage, traditional craft cultural heritage, folk cultural heritage, dietary cultural heritage, medicine cultural heritage, traditional competition sports and folk stunts cultural heritage. The gorgeous and varied intangible cultural heritage compose of the spiritual wealth of Xiangxi ethnic nationalities as well as an inseperable part of the country's ethnic intangible cultural heritage.However, in the recent decades of years, with the reform and opening up of the country, with the acceleration of modernization process, with the impact of mainstream culture and exotic culture and the endangerment of the cultural ecological environment in Xiangxi ethnic area, the protection and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage is facing serious predicament. The author indicates, through field survey and research ,the various problems exist in protecting and inheritating Xiangxi ethnic intangible cultural heritage, such as emphasis in declaration but negligence in protection, dislocation in successor and lack in overall protection, etc. and proposes important principles in protecting Xiangxi ethnic cultural heritage, namely, actuality, comprehensiveness, activeness, durability, and people orientedness, and maintains that the protection of cultural space and the protection and cultivation of suuccesors is vital in inheriting Xiangxi ethnic intangible cultural heritage, and finally, in view of situation of excessive exploitation of resources of Xiangxi ethnic intangible cultural heritage and eagerness for instant success and quick profit, the author provides basic modes and contermeasures in rational exploiting and utilizing of Xiangxi ethnic intangible cultural heritage, to the effect that they might offer theoretical support and guideline in decision-making, and furnish a case or paradigm for national intangible cultural heritage perotection and especially for ethnic intangible cultural heritage protection.  

【关键词】 湘西少数民族; 非物质文化遗产; 保护; 利用

【Key words】 Xiangxi ethnic minority; intangible cultural heritage; protection; utilization

【网络出版投稿人】中央民族大学 【网络出版投稿时间】2009-10-12 【网络出版年期】2010/01

【DOI】CNKI:CDMD:1.2009.194101 【分类号】G122 【下载频次】373