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后稷传说与稷祀文化研究

【作者】曹书杰 【导师】詹子庆

【作者基本信息】东北师范大学，中国古代史，2003年，博士


【摘要 (中文/英文)】 “后稷传说与稷祀文化”这一论题内在的文化因素决定了本文不是撰写后稷的信史，只是从历史文化的角度，研究历史上的曾经传播的后稷传说及其流变，研究历史上曾经存在的稷祀现象及其形态。 后稷是一位中华民族历史上极具特殊意义的人、神叠合的传说人物。作为人——后稷是姬姓周人认同的始祖被司马迁等历史学家载录于史卷，作为神——后稷是华夏先民崇拜的稷神被君王庶民世代顶礼膜拜于神坛。所以，后稷不仅是周人认同的始祖，他已经衍生为一种特殊的历史文化现象，对中华民族的农业文明、封建国家的政治生活、底层社会的民俗生活、文学艺术的审美心理，乃至中华民族性格、价值观念的形成，都具有重大的影响。从这一意义上讲，后稷是历史人物还是神话人物已经无关紧要，因为后稷已经成为中华民族农耕文明、农业精神、农业丰收、农业经济、民生富庶、国家太平的象征。 后稷传说、稷祀文化有着丰富多彩的历史文化内涵，它不仅是中国古史研究的对象，也为当代诸多社会学科——考古学、人类学、民俗学、文化社会学、神话学、原始宗教学、民族历史学、古代文学、美学等所关注，已经构成了一种特定的文化现象——后稷文化。后稷文化如同炎黄文化、关公文化等一样，它是一种特定的历史文化现象，它从文化侧面进入了历史研究的范畴。而农业文明则是后稷文化的灵魂，稷祀文化、后稷神话、后稷历史则是后稷文化的三大主体。稷祀作为西周社会祭祀的主体，作为封建国家祭祀的重要组成部分，它不仅是王权的象征，也是追求农业发展的宣言，而作为民间的稷祀更是先民企盼农业丰收的精神寄托。与其说是人们对后稷的崇拜，不如说是人们对所依赖的农业生产活动、农业经济价值的认同。这才是后稷传说、稷祀文化、后稷文化生成、发展、延续的深厚土壤，才是后稷研究的根本价值所在。 后稷、后稷文化的研究探索已有2000多年的历史，并取得了许多重要成果，特别是20世纪以来，由于马克思主义以及现代历史学、人类学、 东北帅范人学中国古代史博十学位论文——内容搞妻（中丈） 神话学、民俗学、考古学等的相继介入，更呈现出与古代的后稷研究大不 相同的学术面貌。但是，其所涉及到的许多重大问题学术界仍然存在极大 分歧，对古来流传的后稷传说的文本资料尚有待全面的、完整的考察和辨识，对古今研究中的学术分歧及其演变过程尚有待系统的、综合的归纳和 概括，对稷把文化尚有待独立的、深入的研究和总结。鉴于上述认识，本论文主要遵循以下五个原则： 1．对后稷传说的文本资料全面爬梳，辨别“真”伪，分出时代层次； 2．对后稷传说的具体内容归纳分类，突出个案演变，考镜传说源流； 3．对后稷研究的演变过程加以考察，分析诸家观点，辨彰学术分歧； 4．对稷把文化的历史特征加以考察，介绍稷把形态，揭示历史过程； 5．借助考据学和相关学科理论方法，努力重新认识，提出一己之见。 由于前人未曾对后稷传说加以全面的系统的考察和研究，末曾对稷把文化加以独立的深入的研究和总结，所以本文在章节的分类设置上不无可 商或纷繁之处，兹将各章的主要内容介绍如下： 导言：历史与神话之间：说明本文研究的目的意义、思路方法，简单 回顾研究的历史，其中特别阐述了神话传说与历史传说的内在联系和本质区别，认为后稷本身就是一位具有神话色彩的历史传说人物，他是周人情 感记忆中的一位在农业生产方面有着重大贡献的农业英雄或部落酋长，关 于他的自先周以来的传说材料大都包含一定的“历史化”的因素，在传播 过程中衍生递增了诸多的后代文化因子，但是后稷传说的主要内容大都形 成于先周时代，其原型的基本特征并未消失，通过后稷传说的特征、演变 的考察分析以为证明，并特别提出了自古以来后稷传说就有着不同的传说 系统的论点。 上编：后稷传说的考察：本编分5章，具体考察了见于古代文献记载 的有关后稷的全部传说故事，并尽可能对每一具体的传说内容的原创、流 变、研究认识上的分歧以及其隐含的社会背景加以探讨说明。对流传广泛、影响较大的后稷起源、“三封”、感生、农事等则分别设专章加以探讨，对 其他的传说则合为一章略加考辨。 第一章后稷起源的传说：起源即后稷的传说时代、地望、族属等。 前3节主要是揭示典籍记述中的异同，辨析古今研究上的分歧。最后一节 是在前人研究的基础上阐述我们个人的体会，认为《尧典》记载的后稷与 二 东北师范大学中国古代史博士学位论文——内庄摘妻（中文） 尧舜禹的时代关系大致是可信的；根据文献和考古材料，不密之前的先周 人当生成于“夏区”（晋南）；根据文献和民族调查资料，他们是夏区内某 一共同崇拜后稷为农业英雄的社会共同体或由后稷开创的氏族（部落）组 织中的成员，大约在夏木商初之际，当不密一支西迁径渭流域开始独立发 展后，其故有社会组织共同崇奉的祖先深深保留在他们的情感记忆中，同时也保留在其他支系中，所以，周人的血缘祖先是不密，周人的“信史” 应该从不密。

The innate cultural factors of "legends of Hou Ji and the Ji (Grain) sacrificial culture" make this dissertation not only a historical paper. It is from the cultural perspective that this dissertation studies the various legends about Hou Ji and their evolution, the Ji (Grain) sacrifice and its patterns in the history. Hou Ji is a very special, semi-deified and legendary role in Chinese history; on the one hand he is the ancestor of the Ji (,a surname) clan in Zhou Dynasty recorded in the historical records, on the other hand he is the God of Agriculture worshipped by the emperors and the common people at the altar through ages. Therefore, Hou Ji is not only acknowledged as the founder of Zhou Dynasty but also moves into a very special historical cultural phenomenon. Hou Ji phenomenon gives a great effect on Chinese agricultural civilization and not only on the political activities of the feudal monarchy but on the folk customs of the lowest rung as well, on the aesthetic psychology in literature and art and even on the formation of the Chinese ethnic characteristics, so to some extent, it doesn't matter whether Hou Ji is a human being or a divine being. He has already been a symbol of the Chinese agricultural harvest, agricultural economy, prosperousness and peace of the country. Containing abundant historical and cultural significance, the legends of Hou Ji and the Ji (Grain) sacrificial culture are not only the research target of the Chinese ancient history but also the focus of contemporary sociological subjects, such as: archeology, anthropology, folklore, cultural sociology, mythology, primitive religion, ethnical historiography, ancient literature and aesthetics etc, so they have become a special cultural phenomenon-Hou Ji culture, which belongs to the same category with the Yandi and Huangdi culture and Guan Yu culture, all of them approach history from the cultural perspective. In Hou Ji culture, agricultural civilization is the soul while the Ji (Grain) sacrifice, the legends and history of Hou Ji may be regarded as the principal part of Hou Ji culture. Ji (Grain) sacrifice, as the main part of the sacrifices in the West Zhou Dynasty (11th century B.C.-771 B.C.) and also as the important part of sacrifices of the feudal societies, symbols not only the royal right but also the desire for agricultural development people's longing for a good harvest. Therefore, it is better to say that the Chinese ancestors have had identified the values of the agricultural activities and agricultural economy than to say their prostrating themselves in worshipping Hou Ji. And this is exactly the essential reason why we make a research on Hou Ji legends, Hou Ji culture for that is the foundation of the beginning, developing and continuing of Hou Ji culture The research on Hou Ji and Hou Ji culture began to be done 2,000 years ago and had achieved a lot, especially since the twentieth century when Marxism, contemporary historiography, anthropology, mythology, folklore and archeology began to pay attention to it one after another, the researches have achieved more. However, there still exist many disputes on several important issues. So about the legends of Hou Ji in the historical records, a comprehensive and overall investigation and distinguishing work are needed; about the academic divergence and its evolution, a systematic, complete summary is wanted; an independent, thorough research on the Ji (Grain) sacrifice culture is badly needed. In view of the above discovering, the following five principles on which this dissertation will be based are presented here: 1. To tidy up, distinguish and chronologize all the records of Hou Ji legends. 2. To categorize the legends, study the evolution of some particular cases and probe into the sources of the legends. 3. To investigate the evolution of the researches on Hou Ji, analyze the numerous views of different schools and discern their disputes. 4. To investigate the historical character of the Ji (Grain) sacrifice culture, introduce the Ji (Grain) s

【关键词 (中文/英文)】 后稷; 后稷传说; 后稷文化; 稷神; 稷祀; 社稷; 社日; 蜡祭; 神话与历史; 农业文明; 先周史 Hou Ji; legends of Hou Ji; Hou Ji culture; God of Grain; Ji (Grain)sacrifice; God of Land and God of Grain-the state; Day of sacrificing for the God of Land; sacrifices in December in lunar calendar; legends and history; agricultural civilization; history of pre-Zhou Dynasty.

【发表年期】2003年02期 【网络出版投稿人】东北师范大学 【DOI】CNKI:CDMD:1.2003.073304