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少数民族价值观的结构、特征及变迁研究

The Structure, Characteristics and Change of Ethnic Minorities' Values  

【作者】侯阿冰 【导师】张进辅

【作者基本信息】西南大学，发展与教育心理学，2008年，博士


【中文摘要】 在中国这样一个多民族国家中,民族关系的和谐是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要基石。强化中华民族的国家意识和各族群众共有价值观的核心地位,承认、尊重各族自己特有的少数民族价值观,是“多元”和“一体”完整和完善的结合,是建设和谐民族关系的有力举措。因此,了解少数民族群体价值观的结构、特征、变迁轨迹,弘扬各族群众先进的价值观,对实现民族和谐起着重要的促进作用。国内已见到少量关于少数民族价值观的调查研究,但从心理学视角、针对少数民族群体的系统研究还十分少见,且研究方法比较单一,缺乏多学科交叉和整合,鉴于当前研究存在的缺陷,在研究中加强研究对象的民众化、研究方法的多元化和研究内容的综合化是深化研究的必然出路。从心理学角度研究少数民族价值观问题,既是我国价值观研究领域的一个崭新课题,又是当前我国构建和谐社会的进程中,实现民族团结与社会和谐,必须深入研究和认真对待的一个重要问题。本研究在研究对象上选取少数民族群众这个社会群体,按照“传统——现状——变迁”的思路,通过对少数民族民间文学的梳理,总结少数民族传统价值观的特征,基于文献、访谈、开放式调查的结果,探索少数民族价值观的结构,发展符合心理测量学要求的少数民族价值观测量工具,系统考察少数民族价值观的现状特点,初步揭示少数民族价值观与主观幸福感的关系,采用实地调查,以傣族婚俗——“拴线礼”的变迁为个案,尝试讨论少数民族价值观的变迁。整个研究包括四个部分,围绕少数民族价值观的传统、现状(结构和特点)、相关因素(少数民族价值观与主观幸福感的关系)、变迁,开展了多项研究:1.从少数民族传统文化的三个层次(实物、心物、心理)出发,以哈尼族英雄神话传说的传统价值观内涵为分析个案,总结了少数民族传统价值观具有浓厚的宗教性、丰富的民俗性、系统的整体性、生动的具象性、开放的兼容性等特征;2.结合文献分析,本研究的“少数民族价值观”的操作性定义是:少数民族个体从自身需要出发,用于指导自我行为取向,在关于人生的目标、目标达成手段上的基本观点和信念的倾向性系统,即回答“个体追求什么?看重什么?如何达到目标?”等基本问题的观点和信念。根据文献、访谈和开放式调查结果,构建了本土化的少数民族价值观结构体系,并编制问卷,所编制的少数民族价值观问卷包括手段性价值观和目标性价值观两个因素,包含诚信交往、金钱权位、民族文化传承、事业成就、家庭、爱国奉献、精神快乐七个子维度,其信度和效度达到了心理测量学的要求;3.以1262名少数民族群众被试为样本展开少数民族价值观的现状研究。通过差异性比较,探讨了少数民族群众的价值观在各个人口学统计变量上的特点;对个体社会生活领域中的相关具体问题如择偶、择业、择友等进行初步调查,分别以族别和年龄为分类标准作了汇总统计,以实现一般特点和具体特点的结合分析。结果表明,少数民族价值观总体是一种积极评价,在性别、婚姻状况、受教育程度、职业阶层、居住环境、汉区生活年限、族别以及年龄层次各个人口统计学变量上存在一定群体差异;4.初步分析少数民族价值观与主观幸福感的关系,考察两者的路径关系。结果表明,少数民族群众的主观幸福感属于中上程度,总体上感到比较幸福。少数民族群众的少数民族价值观与主观幸福感的结构模型拟合指数理想,少数民族价值观可以在一定程度上对主观幸福感作出预测;5.采用实地调查的方法,以傣族婚俗——“拴线礼”为个案,通过婚俗的变迁来透视和凸显价值观的变迁。研究发现,少数民族传统价值观在存优择良民族文化变迁的基调下,传统价值观的先进部分得到保持和弘扬。其变迁的趋势是:趋同性与多元化并存、从非理性到理性的嬗变、传统与现代的互动结合;6.提出少数民族传统优秀文化的传承和保护工作亟待加强的观点。综合来看,本研究在以下几方面有所发展和创新:1.在研究对象上,以18岁—60岁的少数民族群众为主体,拓展了已有价值观研究的对象范围;2.在研究内容上,基于理论分析,建构本土化的少数民族价值观结构体系,进而编制了国内首个具有较好信效度指标的少数民族价值观问卷,并以此为基础详细探讨少数民族群众个人背景变量对少数民族价值观的影响,揭示当前我国少数民族群众价值观的现状特点;3.在研究取向上,基于学科交叉和整合的取向,围绕“传统——现状——变迁”的逻辑,阐述和分析少数民族价值观的发展和演化过程,充分体现了研究的整合性;4.在研究方法上,以问卷调查为主,同时结合实地调查、案例分析、访谈、文献等方法,即采用理论与实证的交叉验证,量化研究与质性研究相结合,推动了少数民族价值观研究方法的多元化与综合化;5.在研究结果上,立足于少数民族传统文化系统的三个层面,结合对哈尼族英雄传说的价值观内涵阐述,分析少数民族价值观的传统特点;以心理学视角切入,分析少数民族价值观的现状特点,并初步揭示少数民族价值观与主观幸福感的关系;以傣族婚俗——“拴线礼”为个案的实地调查,透视少数民族价值观的  

【英文摘要】 China is a multi-ethnic country and the harmonious ethnic relation is an important cornerstone of the construction of a harmonious socialist society. Enhancement of the awareness of Chinese nation and the core-status of the values shared by each ethnic group, acknowledgement and respect of the unique ethnic minorities' values, perfectly combines diversity and unity, and is an effective measure to build harmonious ethnic relationship. Therefore, understanding the structure, characteristics and change of ethnic minorities' values contributes to the realization of ethnic harmony. Some investigations and researches on ethnic minorities' values, have been reported in China, however, few are from the psychological perspective, and systematic studies of ethnic minorities are seldom conducted. What's more, the method is relatively simple, lacks an integration of multi-disciplines. In view of the defects of current researches, the broadening of the scope of subjects, diversification of the methods and the integration of researches are the only solution to deepen the investigation.The research on the value of minority from a psychological view is not only a brand-new field of research, but also an important issue must be taken seriously in the process of achieving national unity and social harmony.In this study, we choose ethnic minority people as our research subject, based on the idea of "tradition - the status quo - changes", summarized the characteristics of the traditional values of ethnic minorities through a collation of folk literature of ethnic minorities. On the basis of literature review, interview and open questionnaire, we developed an ethnic minorities' values measurement which is psychometric satisfactory, with which we probed into the structure and the actual characteristics of ethnic minorities' values and the relationship between ethnic minorities' values and subjective well-being . Through a case study of Dai people's wedding custom, "thread-tying ceremony", the changes of ethnic minorities' values were discussed.The whole study includes four parts, focused on the tradition and the status quo (structure and characteristics) and relevant factors (relationship between ethnic values and the subjective well-being), and the changes of the ethnic minorities' values.1. From the three levels (physical, physicalized ideology, psychology) of traditional culture of ethnic minorities, based on the analysis of the traditional values of heroic myths and legends of Hani people ,we summed up the characteristics of the traditional values of ethnic minorities as strongly religious, richly folksy, systemically integrated, vividly figurative and openly compatible;2. Combined with literature review, "ethnic minorities' values" is defined as a basic view and faith inclination system of the ethnic minority on the goals and access to the goals of their lives,by which to guide the behavior from their own desires, which can also answer "what individual pursuits, values and how to reach the goals" . Based on the results of literature reviews, interviews , and open questionnaire , we established the indigenous dimensions of ethnic minorities' values, and developed the Ethnic Minorities' Values Questionnaire (EMVQ), which includes two factors, the means and the goals of values, and seven sub-dimensions, including honest intercourse, money and power, inheritance of ethnic culture, career achievement, family, patriotism and dedication, spiritual happiness. The questionnaire has good reliability and validity;3. 1,262 ethnic people were chosen as a sample to carry out our research on the actual status of ethnic minorities' values .By comparison of differences, we discussed the characteristics of ethnic minorities' values on various demographic statistical variables. When primarily probing into the correlative specific questions such as choosing spouse, jobs and friends in the domain of individual social life, we classified the data according to age and ethnicity to conduct an integrated analysis of general and specific characteristics .The results showed that ethnic minorities' values appears to be a positive evaluation and there are some differences between groups on sex, marital status, level of education, occupations, living environment, time of living in the area of Han, ethnicity and age;4.We preliminarily analyzed the relationship between the ethnic minorities' values and subjective well- being, inspected the path relationship between them. The results showed that the subjective well being of ethnic minorities is moderate and they are relatively happy on the whole. The model of the structure has an ideal index and ethnic minorities' values can, to a certain extent, predict subjective well-being;5.We conducted field study to investigate Dai Wedding Customs -"thread-tying ceremony", with which to reflect and highlight the change of values through the changes of wedding. Results showed that the advanced part of traditional values remains and develops at the atmosphere of ethnic culture change of holding the good and selecting the better. The trend of changes is: the coexistence of convergence and diversity, the gradual changes from the non-rational to the rational, and the interactive combination of tradition and modern; 6. It is proposed that outstanding traditional ethnic cultural inheritance and protection should be strengthened.On the whole, this study has the some development and innovation as follows:1. On the aspect of subjects, we chose the ethnic minority public aged from 18 to 60, which expanded the scope of the subjects of the researches on values existed;2.As to the content of the research, through theoretical analysis and on the basis of the establishment of indigenous dimensions of ethnic minorities' values, we designed an ethnic minorities' values questionnaire with good reliability and validity by which we detailed the discussion on the influence of individual variables on ethnic minorities' values and revealed the present status of values of ethnic minorities in China;3.In the approach of research, this study, based on inter-discipline and approach integration, and centered on the logic of "tradition-the status quo-changes", illustrated and analyzed the development and the evolution process of ethnic minorities' values, which fully embodies the integration of research;4.As to the method, the study mainly adopted questionnaire survey, and other methods such as field work, case study, interviews, documentation, which is the cross-confirmation of theory and demonstration, the combination of quantitative and qualitative studies, promoted the pluralism and integration of the methods of research on ethnic minorities' values;5.As to the results of this study, based on the three levels of the traditional cultural system of ethnic minorities, we expounded the concept of values in the heroic legend of Hani, analyzed the traditional characteristics of ethnic minorities' values, the actual status of ethnic minorities' values from psychological perspective, and preliminarily revealed the relationship between ethnic minorities' values and subjective happiness. And a case study of Dai people's wedding customs-"thread-tying ceremony" probed into the
【中文关键词】 少数民族价值观; 结构; 特征; 变迁; 少数民族

【英文关键词】 Ethnic Minorities' Values ; structure ; characteristics; change ; ethnic minorities

【网络出版年期】2008年09期 【网络出版投稿人】西南大学 【网络出版投稿时间】2008-07-22 【DOI】CNKI:CDMD:1.2008.094096 攻读期成果