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民间仪式、艺术展演与民俗传承

【作者】黄龙光

【导师】邢莉

【作者基本信息】中央民族大学，民俗学，2009年，博士

【副题名】峨山彝族花鼓舞田野调查研究

【摘要】 峨山彝族花鼓舞,是彝族古代迁徙历史记忆的一个仪式舞蹈,是彝族原始共祖阿普笃慕带领六组分支,向四方开疆拓土,辗转迁徙的仪式模拟和象征,是彝族祖灵崇拜的仪式化神圣呈现和彝族身份认同的特殊行为叙事符号。本文以彝族花鼓舞传承现状调查为研究个案,全方位地对彝族花鼓舞起源、民间花鼓舞丧葬送灵仪式过程、彝族花鼓舞艺术展演活动进行历时与共时全面考察。认为彝族民间丧礼仪式是彝族花鼓舞的元传承场,彝族社会母系亲属关系是其传承的血缘纽带,民间花鼓会则是其传承的主要群体单位,中青年女性成为目前彝族花鼓舞传承的主力军。同时,当代各种艺术展演活动是彝族花鼓舞新的传播方式,它与民间仪式传承一道,“魔幻与现实”地构成了当代彝族花鼓舞的整体传承。最后,论文对当代民俗传承研究范式进行了积极的反思。第一章直接介入彝族花鼓舞的自然人文生境。以历时角度挖掘了彝族历史渊源,从共时角度交代了花鼓舞当下的现实传承空间,全面展现历史维度下现实的立体传承语境。第二章解决彝族花鼓舞的起源问题。在前人研究的基础上,以“跳鼓”的彝族母语命名进行推源。认为彝族花鼓舞来源于滇中南彝族创世古歌《笃慕罗思则》,是彝族民间丧礼仪经和仪舞。彝族花鼓舞的最初形态可能是彝族民间“咋啦卓”舞,它是民间丧礼集体围圈绕棺鼓舞,象征将亡灵沿古代彝族先祖迁徙路线辗转送归祖界。第三章呈现了一个精致的民间丧礼花鼓舞仪式调查,深描丧礼花鼓舞“驱鬼、安魂、送灵”的仪式过程,重点挖掘传统花鼓舞的传承机制,解析彝族迁徙历史下“人死归祖”的祖灵崇拜是彝族花鼓舞的生成原因,而彝族社会母系亲属关系和民间花鼓会则是彝族花鼓舞传承纽带和传承群体。第四章调查分析了彝族传统花鼓舞如何被吸纳进入当地汉族商贸交流为指向的开新街社火表演活动。彝族传统花鼓舞由此开始走上旨在开街拜年、贺家等经济诉求的卖唱展演道路。当代开新街节俗受政治权力和商业资本等改造和利用,彝族花鼓舞等传统文化受地方政府征召,参与艺术节花鼓舞比赛等文化艺术展演活动,成为民间与官方共谋的过程和结果。第五章论述了成为省级非物质文化遗产的彝族花鼓舞,全面受到当代政治、商业等外来权力干预和影响。彝族花鼓舞得以顺利进入当地学校教育体系开始制度化传习和展演。相关部门定期举办的各种级别花鼓舞比赛,成为当代传承的重要激励机制。政府和商业资本等甚至开始了对彝族花鼓舞等产业化规划和文化经营尝试。新的传承和传播方式和媒介的出现,共同推进了彝族花鼓舞的当代传承。结语总结了当代“魔幻与现实”的民俗传承特征及规律。认为当代民俗传承调查研究,应紧紧围绕民俗传承主体群兼性身份之间的互动关系而展开,全面考察民俗纵向传承和横向传播的完整动态过程。重点挖掘民俗所有潜在和显在的传承机制,认真总结民俗传承的总体特征及其规律,积极促进民俗文化的良性传承,从而更好地促进非物质文化遗产的传承与保护。

【Abstract】 As a ritual dance of historical memory of Yi ancient migration, Eshan Yi Flower-drum Dance, is the ritual simulation and symbolization of Liuzu Embranchment and migration under the leadership of Yi progenitor Apudumu, and is sacred ritual presentation and special act narrative symbol of Yi identity ancestry worship. As a case study of the fieldwork of Yi flower-drum dance inheritance, with Yi flower-drum dance origins, traditional soul send-off process on funeral flower-drum dance and modern performance activities have been surveyed synchronically and diachronically from all angles. The dissertation figures out that the funeral is the original inheritance field of Yi flower-drum dance. Yi maternity relations are its consanguinity ties, and folk flower-drum dance associations are its main group units. Rural Middle-aged female are now becoming the main force of its inheritance. Contemporary art performance activities are new ways of the communication of Yi flower-drum dance. With folk ritual inheritance, they magical-realistically consist of the whole contemporary inheritance of Yi flower-drum dance. Eventually it reflects on the study paradigm of contemporary folklore inheritance.The first chapter directly describes the natural and socio-cultural fostering space of Yi flower-drum dance. It synchronically reveals Yi historical roots of Yi flower-drum dance, and diachronically accounts for real inheritance space of flower-drum dance. It fully shows the real stereoscopic inheritance contests from a historical angle.The second chapter figures out the origins of Yi flower-drum dance. Based on the previously relative studies, from Yi mother-tongue naming system of drum-jumping, Yi flower-drum dance is regarded originated from Yi Genesis song Dumu Luosize in the middle and southern Dian, which is Yi folk funeral book and ritual dance. The prototype of Yi flower-drum dance is very likely to be Yi folk dance zhalazuo, which is a collective drum dance circling around the coffin on folk funeral to symbolize the send-off of soul back to the ancestry domain along Yi ancestors migration routes.The third chapter presents a detailed research of funeral flower-drum dance, through which thick describes the ritual process of ghosts-driving, spirit-comfort, and soul send-off of flower-drum dance. The inheritance mechanism of traditional flower-drum dance has been emphasized in particular. The ancestry worship notion of soul back to ancestry upon death rooted in Yi migration history is the birth reason of Yi flower-drum dance. Yi society matriarchal kinship and folk flower-drum organizations are Yi flower-drum dance inheritance ties and groups.The forth chapter explains how Yi flower-drum dance has been absorbed into the Han people's Shehuo performances on the Opening-New Fair festival oriented to commerce exchange. Traditional Yi flower-drum dance then starts the performances by paying people a New Year call and congratulating on the New Fair-Opening Festival for money. Contemporary New Fair-Opening Festival has been reconstructed and used by political power and commerce capital. Yi flower-drum dance and other traditional culture have been called up by local government. Flower-drum dance contest and other performance activities on the Art Festival have become the process and outcome of the complot between the folk society and the government.As provincial intangible cultural heritage, Yi flower-drum dance has been completely intervened and influenced by external powers of contemporary politics and commerce. Yi flower-drum dance has successfully accepted into local schools educational systems for institutional learning and inheriting. Flower-drum dance contests at different levels termly organized by related departments have turned into important prompting mechanism of contemporary inheritance. Industrialization planning and cultural business attempt of Yi flower-drum dance have been launched by local government and commerce capital. New modes and media of inheritance and diffuseness have accelerated contemporary inheritance of Yi flower-drum dance.The conclusion makes a summary of the contemporary magical-realistic folklore inheritance actuality and its characteristics. It concludes that contemporary folklore inheritance study should focus on the interactive relations of its inheritance subject groups' multi-identities and survey the complete dynamic process integrated by folklore longitudinal passing-on and horizontal spreading in a full way. And it should find out those obvious and potential mechanisms of folklore inheritance and conclude the characteristics and rules of folklore inheritance. Therefore folklore culture positive inheritance would be promoted and so the inheritance and protection of the intangible cultural heritage.  

【关键词】 彝族花鼓舞; 民间仪式; 艺术展演; 民俗传承

【Key words】 Yi Flower-drum dance; folk ritual; art performance; folklore inheritance

【网络出版投稿人】中央民族大学 【网络出版投稿时间】2009-10-12 【网络出版年期】2010/01
【DOI】CNKI:CDMD:1.2009.193849 【分类号】J722.2;K892.3 攻读期成果