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先秦文化传播研究

【作者】杨永军 【导师】郑杰文

【作者基本信息】山东大学，中国古典文献学，2005年，博士


【摘要 (中文/英文)】 自人类诞生以来,传播活动也随之出现。不过人类最初的传播活动还仅限于生存技能的传承。传播在人类社会发展中扮演着极其重要的角色,它为人类文化的承继和发展提供了必要条件。世界上曾经辉煌一时的文明之所以会遭受灭顶之灾,主要是由于文化传播的中断或终止造成的。因此可说,文化传播在社会发展中起着承上启下的作用,它是人类自身生存和繁衍的前提、基础。 对“先秦文化传播”作专题研究,前人还探讨的比较少。先秦文化是中国文化传播研究的基石,是中国文化传播的缘起阶段,从中可窥视中国文化传播的全貌。这一时期,语言、文字的产生,阶级、国家出现,继而私学兴起,百家争鸣,文化传播呈现出早期特有的韵味。中国几乎所有的文化传播现象和传播规律都在这一时期初露端倪或形成。先秦文化有着自身独特的传播特点,形成了自己的特色传播主体、传播思想、传播模式和传播规律。研究先秦文化传播,可更好地指导文化传播的实践。“先秦文化传播研究”在传播学研究领域开辟了一个全新的课题,属于跨学科研究的范畴,主要涉及文化学、传播学、文学、民俗学、社会学、历史学等学科。在全球一体化趋势日益加强、文化战略争霸的今天,研究先秦文化传播,有利于发掘和弘扬中国文化,使中国文化走向世界。 从上个世纪四、五十年代,传播学开始被引入中国。上个世纪八十年代,中国学术界提出了“传播学本土化”口号。其实,“传播学本土化”主要就是研究中国文化传播。从此,专家们在“传播学本土化”研究领域进行了不懈的探讨,并取得了一些成绩。但在传播学引进、消化、提高方面仍存有许多问题:① 主要是理论色彩不浓,因循模仿多;② 尚缺乏一个科学的理论体系;③ 在文化传播研究上甚至出现后继无人的断代现象。而这与中国是文化传播大国的地位极不相称。虽然传播学是从西方国家引进的,但是在我国先秦时期,人类文化传播活动活跃,形成许多先进的传播思想。在春秋战国时期,几乎每个学派都是文化传播的倡导者和实践者。 在论文写作上,笔者确立了全新的写作思路,既立足中国传统文化,紧紧跟踪传播学理论研究的前沿,又用“以破求立”的创新精神和“小心求证”的实证方法从事研究。具体采取的写作方法有:借鉴国外传播学理论,采用史论结合办法,以历史文献为突破口,兼用考古发现及其他学术研究的最新成果,旨在创建一个科学的文化传播学理论体系。

Communication came with the born of human beings. However, the earliest communication was just confined to the living skills. Communication, which ensures the inheritance and development of human culture, plays a very important role in the development of the human society. It is just because the interruption or termination of the cultural communication that caused the extinction of the once glorious ancient civilization. Hence, cultural communication acts as a bridge, and it is a prerequisite and foundation of the subsistence and development of the mankind itself.Few scholars have made a research on the subject of Cultural Communication of Pre-Qin. Pre-Qin culture, the foundation stone of the study, is the beginning of the Chinese cultural communication and can give a full view of it. During this period the language and characters emerged, class and state came into being, private schools sprang up and the contention of a hundred schools of thought appeared. With all of these, cultural communication presented a unique charm of the early stage. Nearly all the phenomena and laws of the Chinese cultural communication began to germinate and take shape at this time. With its own communication characteristics, Pre-Qin culture has its unique subjects, ideas, models and laws of communication. The study of the communication of pre-Qin can instruct the practice of the whole Chinese cultural communication. Cultural Communication Study of Pre-Qin opens up a new subject in the field of communication. It is a cross-subject study mainly involving the Science of Culture, Communication, Literature, folklore, sociology, history and so on. Facing the increasing globalization and cultural imperialism, the study of the Pre-Qin cultural communication is favorable to the exploration and development of the Chinese culture and advances it towards the whole world.Communication began to be introduced into China during the 1940s and 1950s and until the 1980s the slogan of Communication Localization was put forward among the Chinese academic circles. In fact, this slogan is mainly aiming at the study of Chinese cultural communication. From then on, the experts are carrying on untiring research on it and have achieved a lot. However, there are still many problems on terms of the introduction, digestion and improvement of Communication. It has little theories and too much imitation; it lacks a scientific theoretical system; even no successors keep devoting themselves to studying the field. We are not supposed to have so many deficiences as a great country which is rich in culture. Though Communication was introduced from the western countries, there were already dynamic communicative activities and much thinking on communication came into being during Pre-Qin period. Every school in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States was an advocator and a practitioner of Communication.On writing this dissertation, the writer adopts a new way. On one hand, he sets foot on the Chinese traditional culture and catches up with the advanced theory of Communication; on the other hand, he makes the research with initiative spirit of "setting by breaking" and proves it cautiously. By drawing on the related foreign theories and combining theory with historical facts ,establishing the scientific theory on the cultural communication with the historic documents as a breakthrough point, the recent discovery on archeology and achievements in academic research the author wants to set up a scientific system info of cultural communication. By the comparison of the cultural communication vertically and horizontally, the write makes it clearer and presents a full view of it, which is beneficial to make clear about cultural communication and furthermore take on the whole view of this field.However, Cultural Communication Study of Pre-Qin deals with too much to attend to each and every aspect. So that the author mainly adopts the methods of analyzing, induction and deduction in writing. In the research, the author also pays attention to the analyzing and use of some typical materials and classical examples in communication. In theoretical innovation, the author adopts the writing method of "brave assumption and careful reasoning" and carries on a deeply study on the models, the laws and the thought of the cultural communication of Pre-Qin. And some of the ideas are innovative and original. In order to ensure the scientificalness of the theory the writer especially refers to a large amount of materials to reason his points of vies and analyze the questions in dispute logically. Every point must be well-founded and every argument must have a source.In the innovation of the dissertation, the writer gives a full discussion on the theory according to the laws of Chinese cultural communication. For example, the writer puts forward a new interpretation on cultural communication. He thinks it is a kind of process communicating and inheriting the culture in the short or distant range, with a certain medium, in the form of oral language, words, pictures, audio and video frequency and so on. It is really a new large interpretation created according to the feature of ancient and modern cultural communication and embraces the main meanings of it.In the theory of communication, Lasswell ? Harlod D, the American expert, puts forward that there are five factors in communication, that is disseminator, audience, content, channel, and effect. The writer makes a new arrangement according to the laws of communication and brings forward the four-factor theory and combines disseminator and audience as communicating subject which affirms the audience's position completely. The respective characteristics of disseminator and audience has been studied systematically in this dissertation. The author doesn't regard the audience as a passive receiver because the audience also takes an active part in communication.So far, the word "carrier "has not been mentioned in the world of communication, while it is essential for the establishment of the theoretical system of communication. The writer interprets the "carrier" and differentiates it from "medium" clearly.lt includes the material objects such as tortoise shells, gold, stones, inscribed bamboo and wood slips, disks, hardware. At the same time, according to the features of Chinese cultural communication the writer puts forwards "material carrier" - using an image for an abstract concept - and makes a study of it in details.At present, there are still different opinions on terms of the transmitting means. Based on the historical development of the communication, some people regard transmitting means as a part of the Historical Process of Communication which is classified four periods: oral, word, print and electronic. They coexist and cannot be replaced by each other. Even during the most advanced electronic age, the four means exist at the same time. The writer puts forward five means of cultural communication: oral language, words, and pictures, audio and video frequency. The last two means are the further development of the first three based on the new technology. To be more specific, they are the extension of human organs such as mouth and ear. In this way, all the existing medium - the broadcast, TV, movies, satellite or the internet - can not do without the five means.When dealing with the transmitting material, the writer adds a topic called "aim of communication" in which the purpose and unconsciousness of cultural communication are to be discussed. The writer also talks about utilitarianism and the formation of ancient culture. In this paper the communication of literature, history, thinking, science and technology is included. The writer probes into the origin and development of cultural communicationEffectiveness is the ultimate aim of cultural communication. Among the Pre-Qin culture, there were lots of successful examples which the writer analyzes and induces and draw a theory. At the same time, the communication effects are deeply discussed esp. the feedback of communication and accordingly the author advances the theory of communication effect. By far the communication cybernetics is a sticky subject in the academic circles and is a very important topic concerning cultural communication. Therefore, the writer talks about cybernetics of communication model and sums up regulation of controlled-mechanism about it.About the study on communication model, communication channel is put into communication model as well as communication type for the writer holds the view that communication model can contain the whole course of communication although it is still regarded as one element of transmission by the west scholars by now. At the present time, there are two major communication models, that is, interpersonal communication and organizational communication. In Pre-Qin, the communication is one free and flexible civilian communication as well as one dominated by the administrative power of the country. In general, it is one communication of The writer studies the two types of organization-communication deeply and put forward his view that the character of cultural communication in china is "Unified domination and pluralistic coexistence", which makes one breakthrough and development at Sun xupei's idea of unify.At present, too much achievement is about micro-element of communication but little about macro-element of it. In a way, no study on macro, no comprehensive and scientific theory or promotion on actual practice of cultural communication. So it is really an innovation that the writer spends more on the study of macro elements. In the period of Pro-Qin, different schools held different ideas about communication. Those ideas have been the foundation stone of communication which deeply affected and prescribed the idea and model of cultural communication in china for more than 2000 years and became a fortune of Chinese traditional culture. The writer generalizes a kind of communication theory with Distinct Chinese characteristics not only by digging and appraising most achievements of Pro-Qin about communication, but also studying the classical samples of every times deeply especially the strategies, finesses and tenets of those in china. What the writer studies about cross-culture communication is instructive to the actual communication between different countries all over the world. In this dissertation, the writer presents three essential conditions of cross-culture communication including cultural differences, cultural approval and communication bridge. In addition, the writer studies other objects such as the human environment that can affect communication - the magnetic field of cultural commumcation.Through theoretical innovation, the writer is aiming at creating a scientific theoretical system about cultural communication and filling in the gap in studying communication localization, and at the same time the writer just throws out a minnow to catch a whale in the hope of more and more attention being paid to cultural communication and inspiring our studies on Chinese cultural communication.

【关键词 (中文/英文)】 先秦; 文化传播; 模式; 本土化; 媒介 Pre-Qin ; Cultural communication ; Model; Localization ; Medium

【发表年期】2006年01期 【网络出版投稿人】山东大学 【DOI】CNKI:CDMD:1.2005.134130