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蒙古村落仪式表演：“呼图克沁”

【作者】董波 【导师】方李莉

【作者基本信息】中国艺术研究院，艺术学，2006年，博士


【中文摘要】 内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗萨力巴乡乌兰召村的蒙古族民间歌舞“呼图克沁”,是一种融歌、舞、乐和说唱于一体的综合性的歌舞艺术。它于春节期间自发的组织起来,戴上面具而舞,已经具备蒙古戏的雏形,是一种在当地流传甚久,蒙汉群众喜闻乐见的,有着广泛群众基础的文艺活动,是蒙古族所独有的仪式戏剧。 “呼图克沁”作为少数民族民间艺术,的的确确是属于非物质文化遗产,是我们研究和保护的对象。“呼图克沁”这一存在于西部地区的少数民族——蒙古族仪式戏剧,对于我们认识和研究蒙古民族的历史发展与文化演进,所具有的特殊功能、作用、认识意义和科学研究价值,是非常巨大而又特殊的。也是我们认识、了解和考察中国西部少数民族历史传统的重要文化标本和丰厚的学术资源,是我们在进行西部人文资源的发掘和整理时,不能忽视的重要组成部分,非常值得我们去加以深切的关注和重视。因此,本研究无疑是在前人成果基础上的一项具有创新意义的工作。 本研究的目的是,旨在通过一个特定蒙古村落的仪式戏剧——“呼图克沁”的个案分析和研究,阐述蒙古族仪式戏剧在具体地方的民族群体当中如何形成、存在并传承的过程,进而探讨它的具体社会功能和存在价值。在整体研究思路上,把“呼图克沁”仪式表演放置于社会变迁的大环境和文化背景中加以分析,再现较为清晰的蒙古仪式剧“呼图克沁”演变过程的轨迹,以努力窥探蒙古人所经历的一种信仰生活的基本面貌。在具体研究的层面上,涉及到一个特定蒙古村落的信仰体系是怎样形成及其演变,其功能都有哪些?其结构特征是什么?仪式表演活动怎样进行?在社会变迁中又怎样中断和恢复?表演艺人的养成与传承的状况怎样?仪式表演的社会功能与价值是什么?以村落个案视角进行仪式戏剧研究的可行性,以及其作为一种活态的“非物质文化遗产”在当今的文化背景下又是如何被关注?等等问题。在研究过程中运用了社会学、人类学和艺术学等多学科理论知识,力图借助多学科的综合实力去攻关本文的研究课题。但在具体研究中,还是清楚地划分了各学科理论在本课题研究上的主次关系,即确定了以艺术人类学理论为主,以相邻学科理论为辅的研究思路,并努力将其贯彻始终。在具体研究方法上,采用了社会学的问卷调查和访谈方法,尤其是运用了口述史的方法。 “呼图克沁”仪式表演是历史形成的,已不仅与村落命运紧紧相连,而且与民族传统呼吸相通。它从信仰演变为艺术形态和娱乐形式,形成跨文化信仰和艺术体系的合力运作机制。它并非是“遗俗”,而是“活历史”,是发生着功能的传统,是作用中的文化。不仅有着可以满足村民需要的完整的多功能体系,而且其仪式表演活动也具有很强的社会组织功能,成为村落社会生活的有机组成部分。  

【英文摘要】 The Mongolian folk song and dance named Hutukeqin, which originates in Wulanzhao Village, Aohanqishaliba Town ,Chifeng, inner Mongolia, is one of comprehensive arts in song and dance which integrates song, dance, music ,talking with singing. It is has been an undeveloped form of the Mongolian opera and organized spontaneously during the spring festival in which the mass dance with mask. It is one of activities in literature and art which spread far and wide among the mass so that it has very wide mass basis and both the Mongolians and the Hans love it. It is a rite opera which only belongs to the Mongolians.As one of folk arts among the minority nationalities, Hutukeqin is really ranked in non-material heritages which should be studied and defended by us. As a rite opera of the Mongolians, one of the minority nationalities in western China, Hutukeqin is of great scientific significance for us to acknowledge and study historical development and cultural evolution of the Mongolians. To a certain extent, Hutukeqin is not only important cultural specimen and academic resource for us to inspect the historical tradition of the minority nationalities in western China but also the important component part which can't ignore when we are exploring and systematizing the humanities resources in western China. Therefore, Hutukeqin is worthy of our paying a great deal of attention to. Also, this study is undoubtedly a research work with great creativeness on the basis of pre-work.This research, through a case study on a special Mongolian tribe's ritual drama, Hutukeqin n, reveals the process of how Mongolian ritual drama forms, exists and passes in the local specific ethnic group, and discusses its social function and value. The research is conducted in the cultural background of social vicissitude. The evolvement of Hutukeqin is clearly recured and the real form of Mongolian religion life is discussed. The research concerns how the belief system of a specific Mongolian tribe forms and evolves, what functions it has, what structure character it is, how the ritual performs, how it interrupts and recovers in the social vicissitude, how the actor learns from the master, what the social function and value it has, the possibility of the research on ritual drama through case study and it how to be regarded in the modern culture background as a non-corporeal culture inheritance. The theory of sociology, anthropology and art studies are used in the research. Among them, the theory of Art-anthropology plays the most important role. Questionnaire analysis and interview are used, oral history is especially used through the research.Rite performance of Hutukeqin is formed through a historical process which is connected closely with fate of village and national tradition. It evolves into one of arts and entertainments from belief and forms a common forces mechanism integrating cross cultural belief with art system. It is not a custom handed down but a lively history , a cultural tradition with function and value. It has multi-function system satisfying villagers' need and its rite performance has strong function of social organization. Therefore, Hutukeqin is an organic part of socia  

【中文关键词】 蒙古村落; 仪式表演; 呼图克沁

【英文关键词】 the Mongolian village; rite performance; Hutukeqin

【网络出版年期】2006年08期 【网络出版投稿人】中国艺术研究院 【网络出版投稿时间】2006-06-23 【DOI】CNKI:CDMD:1.2006.060509 攻读期成果