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【2013年春季】文化人类学课程（第八讲）(2013-06-15 11:18:16) 转载▼

标签： 2013年春季复旦人类学课程大纲文化人类学

分类： 复旦人类学教学、考研与真题

第八讲: 文化语境中的艺术表达形式与实践
The Arts
人类学的艺术观是否能提供洞见?
要点:人类学者/社会学者研究艺术的出发点和目的;在不同历史和文化语境中艺术的功能与意义;艺术与政治和社会的关联

重点回顾:人类学的文化观
Recap: What is Culture?
l Human adaptation and CULTURE  
l In ordinary speech (both ENG & CHN), the word “culture” is used to refer to sophisticated tastes in art, literature, or music. But the sociological/ anthropological use of the term is much WIDER and implies that anyone participates in society is “cultured.”  
l Culture includes EVERYTHING that a human society produces and shares
l Culture (way of life, “codes or blue prints” of societies) vs. society (people who shares a culture)
l Cultures cannot exist without societies.
l Culture isn’t  one “thing” but an elaborate system of mental and physical “things.”
作为“数据”的文化
根据泰勒对文化所作的第一个科学定义, 文化包括人类在精神和物质领域的一切活动：文化可以是阳春白雪，也可以是下里巴人；文化既是普通百姓的日常行为，也是专家能人的技术创造。在实践中，文化活动是一种规划、技巧、设计和策略。
在格尔兹（Geertz）看来，文化，尤其是地方性文化是一种供当地人阅读和研究者阐释的意义丰富的“文本。” 人类学者可选取文化中任何他们感兴趣的方面，通过“深描” 获取细节以达到阐释文化意义的目的。而文化意义在任何公开表达的符号形式如言语，仪式和习 俗当中都可找到。  
摘自《发展人类学概论》

艺术作为有表现力的一种文化形式，可以有如下定义：
What Is Art?
l Art is very difficult to define, but it generally refers to the manifestations of human creativity through which people express themselves in dance, music, song, painting, sculpture, pottery, cloth, storytelling, verse, prose, drama, and comedy.
l The use of human imagination to interpret and enjoy life.
l People have been doing this for at 4,000 years.

艺术表达的形式
l Forms of Artistic Expression
  - Body Arts
  - Visual Arts
  - Performance Arts
l Art and Culture
   - Secular and Religious Art
   - Art and Gender
   - Social Functions of Art
Artistic expression is as basic to human beings as talking.
l All human beings adorn their bodies in certain ways to make a statement about who they are, both as individuals and as members of social groups of various sorts.
The Art of Storytelling
The art of storytelling plays a critical role in the transmission, preservation, and expression of cultural traditions.
All people tell stories in which they express their values, hopes, and concerns, revealing much about themselves and the nature of the world as they see it.

人类学家研究艺术的动机何在？
Why do anthropologists study art?
l Art reflects a people’s cultural values. This is esp. true of the verbal arts – myths, legends, and tales. From these anthropologists may learn how a people order their universe and may discover much about a people’s history as well. Music and visual arts may provide insights into a people’s worldview.
Art is a necessary kind of activity in which every normal human being participates.
l The idea of art serving nonuseful, nonpractical purposes is Euro-centric.“Exquisite works of art” were originally made to be hidden away from human eyes.
l Links between art and other aspects are common in human societies around the world.
The Pervasiveness of Art （图）
In many human societies creating art is often of greater importance than the final product itself.
l The Navajo Indians create intricate sand painting as part of a ritual act, only to destroy it once the ritual is over.
J. S. Bach’s cantatas were composed for church services.

艺术与宗教的不解之缘
Art and Religion
A lot of Western and non-Western art has been done in association with religion, but not all non-Western art has ritual or religious importance.
Art and religion both have formal (museums and churches, temples) and informal (parks, homes, and regular gathering places) venues of expression:
- State-level societies have permanent structures for religion and art.
- Non-state-level societies lack permanent structures for religion and art.

图例：面 具 Masks as major elements in shamanism.

图例：The Last Supper (Lord’s Table)
l A non-Christian views this mural will see what appears to be 13 ordinary men at a table. Aesthetically s/he may admire the way the composition fits the space available, the way attitudes are depicted, the way a sense of movement is conveyed.
l Record of customs?
l Real symbolic meanings

人类学的艺术观
Anthropological perspectives on arts
* “art for art’s sake” is a phenomenon distracting and diminishing the reality of creative expressions
Ex. Objects were not intended by their makers to be “art” (masks for ritual use, paintings for religious contemplation, ancestor figurines, furniture, and architectural details, etc.)
* the appreciation of different art forms varies cross-culturally (Chinese arts and crafts have both utilitarian and aesthetic values)
* artistic completeness or mastery is determined and maintained by formal and informal standards (regional variations)
* expressive culture of ordinary people

艺术与政治：文化认同表达的手段
Expression of cultural identity for political purposes (ex. The Mardi Gras costume of New Orleans “Black Indians” & anti-American graffiti)
Anthropological perspectives on arts
l artists in traditional non-western societies created objects or engaged in activities that re-presented the central values of a culture; artists cannot work on their art all of the time as they still must hunt, gather, fish, herd, or farm to eat; artists are seldom full-time specialists whose career is their work.
l more collective production of art in non-western cultures than in Western cultures; artistic traditions are generally transmitted through families and kin groups

图例：面 塑 Dough Sculpture ；剪 纸 Paper-Cuts

Art and Individuality
艺术与个体性
l Some anthropologists have criticized that the study of non-Western art ignores the individual and focuses too much on the group.
l However, in many non-Western societies, there is more collective production of art than in Western cultures.
l The degree to which artists can be separated from their work varies cross-culturally.
l In all societies art is work
l Ex. Chinese Embroidery (individuality) & Shadow Puppets (collectivism)

图例：刺绣Embroidery  

Art, Society, and Culture
l Art is usually a public phenomenon that is exhibited, performed, evaluated, and appreciated in society.
l Folk art, music, and lore refer to the expressive culture of ordinary people.
l Art is a form of social communication.
    (recurring theme: high/low brow)
知识产权对于艺术传承与创新的复杂影响
例：The Culture of “Faking” in the East
Folk Paintings
American Quilts

艺术的文化传输进程
The Cultural Transmission of the Arts
Art is a part of culture, and as a result, appreciation for the arts is internalized during enculturation.
The appreciation of different art forms varies cross-culturally.
Ex. American Idols (the artistic talent of William Hung)
Verbal Arts
l Folklore. 19th century term first used to refer to the traditional oral stories and sayings of the European peasant, and later extended to those traditions preserved orally in all societies
l Myth. A sacred narrative explaining how the world came to be in its present form (e.g., Bible).
l Legend. Stories told as true, set in postcreation world.
l Tale. A creative narrative recognized as fiction for entertainment.
l Other verbal arts
l Myths are hallowed stories that express fundamental cultural values.
l Ex. the Wizard of Oz and the original Star Wars are modern American cultural myths
l A structural analysis of the two films demonstrates that Star Wars is a systematic transformation of Wizard of Oz.
艺术的延续与变化
Continuity and Change
l The arts are always changing.
l The arts incorporate a wide variety of media.
    Ex. Kung Fu Panda
Concluding remarks
值得进一步思考的议题
l With integration into global economic, traditional handmade goods must compete with mass-produced trade goods.
l Commoditization, marketization and questions of “authenticity”
l Tourism’s complex effects
    - support for preservation of material cultural heritage (UNESCO’s 1972 definition)


本信息来自：复旦大学人类学新浪博客