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标题: [王巨山]手工艺类非物质文化遗产理论及博物馆化保护研究 [打印本页]

作者: silver    时间: 2008-10-17 21:40     标题: [王巨山]手工艺类非物质文化遗产理论及博物馆化保护研究

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手工艺类非物质文化遗产理论及博物馆化保护研究
The Theory Research on the Category of Handicraft of ICH and Its Museum Ways Protection   
【作者】王巨山 【导师】于海广
【作者基本信息】山东大学,考古学及博物馆学,2007年,博士


【摘要 (中文/英文)】 二十世纪以来,随着人类知识的丰富和认识的加深,世界各国逐渐加大对自身遗产的保护力度。二战后,国际社会通过了很多有关文化遗产保护的公约,这些公约主要集中在传统的物质文化遗产保护领域。二十世纪最后的几十年,在经济取得巨大发展的同时,人类对自身历史、文化和精神进行了新的审视和反思,如何在全球化形势下,在经济一体化背后的文化趋同形势下,保持民族文化特质对促进民族发展、延续民族精神和保持民族文化特异性的重要作用是每个有前瞻性民族都要思考的问题。由此,关注人类精神领域遗存的研究诞生,即非物质文化遗产逐渐走入人们的视野。 长期以来,我国文化遗产工作者一直注重对有形的物质文化遗产进行收集、整理和研究,对无形的非物质文化遗产关注较少,虽有过民俗学、民族学的一些工作,但由于种种原因,相关资料保存至今较少,从非物质文化遗产保护的角度进行探讨更是新近才开始的,这些工作比国际先行国家落后很多,如在保护制度上,我国2005年才开始“民族民间文化传承人”调查和认证,这比日本的“国家文化财”制度落后了50多年,比联合国教科文组织“活的文化财”保护计划也晚了10多年;在制...更多度和法规的建设,日本、韩国、法国等国家早己建立了保护制度,通过了相关法律,而我国在这方面基本还是空白。 政策和制度的建设必须有坚实的研究基础。目前,非物质文化遗产研究工作亟待开展,通过对非物质文化遗产的研究和对非物质文化遗产具体类别或具体项目的探讨,可以廓清很多理论问题,也能为相关保护实践的开展和深入提供理论依据和指导。本文选取国家级第一批非物质文化遗产名录中的一个项目——杨家埠木版年画——作为具体研究实例,从三个层面(实地调查、理论探讨、联系实际)、三个角度(艺术、技术、遗产)对手工艺类非物质文化遗产的理论及博物馆如何参与其保护实践进行了探讨,努力构建手工艺类非物质文化遗产研究和保护的理论,寻找博物馆介入具体类别非物质文化遗产保护的方法。 全文分为五章: 第一章:序论。内容包括本选题的学术意义;非物质文化遗产研究的历史和现状,以及本研究的基本路线、步骤和方法。非物质文化遗产研究可以分为四个阶段,20世纪50年代初到20世纪70年代初的提出阶段,20世纪70年代末到20世纪80年代末的保护理念深入阶段,20世纪90年代初到21世纪初的保护理念普及推广阶段,2001年到今的保护体制趋于建立阶段。目前,非物质文化遗产研究在概念、内涵、特性等理论都还存在很多争议,尤其是具体类别的非物质文化遗产保护和研究无论在理论上和实践上都是亟待进行的。本研究选取具体类别的手工艺类非物质文化遗产——杨家埠木版年画制作工艺为例,通过系统的实地调查,进行资料收集和整理,在此基础上,探讨手工艺类非物质文化遗产发生、传承、传播等理论和博物馆化保护实践。 第二章:杨家埠木版年画制作工艺的实地调查与解读。首先对杨家埠村落及杨家埠年画的信息进行了系统的收集和梳理,包括杨家埠村落的地理位置、民俗等情况;杨家埠木版年画制作工艺的起源、发展、演变、现状和工艺的程序;杨家埠木版年画的内容及艺术特色。在此基础上,对杨家埠木版年画及制作工艺从艺术学的角度进行了探讨;对杨家埠木版年画内容进行了意象解读,从年画符号的功能、意义和价值取向等方面对年画这一文化现象的多重内涵进行了试分析。 第三章:手工艺类非物质文化遗产的理论研究。在前章对杨家埠木版年画制作工艺生存环境、内容、工艺流程和谱系的调查基础上,对手工艺类非物质文化遗产发生、传承、传播和特性等理论进行了初步探讨;分析了手工艺类非物质文化遗产面临的严峻形势,剖析了手工艺类非物质文化遗产濒危的原因;对手工艺类非物质文化遗产保护进行了探讨,提出了手工艺类非物质文化遗产或非物质文化遗产保护的本质实质是民族文化的自卫和民族文化在世界文化趋同下,争取民族文化话语权和生存空间的“战争”;通过对杨家埠木版年画制作工艺探讨,提出了手工艺类非物质文化遗产保护的条件、方法;分析了在包括手工艺类在内的各类非物质文化遗产保护中存在的三方利益选择行为与博弈及手工艺类非物质文化遗产保护的意义。 第四章:手工艺类非物质文化遗产的博物馆化保护研究。博物馆是传统物质文化遗产保护单位,在文化遗产观念不断深入发展的今天,博物馆的功能不断丰富,新时期的博物馆工作及博物馆学研究以及非物质文化遗产的严峻形势要求博物馆参与到非物质文化遗产保护中来。传统博物馆在手工艺类非物质文化遗产的实物收集、展示和研究方面具有其他文化机构不可代替的作用;现代博物馆中,不同的博物馆发挥着不同的作用,生态博物馆以其文化原生态保护而受到非物质文化遗产工作者的关注,已成为非物质文化遗产保护的重要形式,且已在我国有了实践,其队伍正逐步壮大,但对手工艺类非物质文化遗产保护要视遗产项目的现状,不能盲目套用建设;数字博物馆对杨家埠木版年画制作工艺类非物质文化遗产记录和保存可以发挥自身优势,实现对文化遗产的数字化保护;其他现代博物馆在手工艺类非物质文化遗产保护中也有自己的优势,弥补其他博物馆对“活态”文化遗产保护的欠缺。杨家埠木版年画制作工艺的保护已采取了一定的措施,已经实现了产、官、学相结合的局面,笔者将其称为“杨家埠模式”,这一模式值得其他类似“活态”文化遗产保护学习和借鉴。 第五章:余论。对手工艺类非物质文化遗产保护中的相关问题进行在探讨,同时对新世纪手工艺类非物质文化遗产保护提出了几点思考。手工艺类非物质文化遗产研究是一个系统,需要重视遗产与环境的关系;同时也要注意手工艺类非物质文化遗产保护中各文化现象之间的相互影响关系,需对遗产的发生、发展、延续从宏观和微观两个角度进行审视,这样才能做好文化遗产的“活保护”。关于手工艺类非物质文化遗产保护的研究,还有很多工作需要开展,一是加强对我国手工艺类非物质保护研究要注意调查方法的实践和经验的积累,促进手工艺类非物质文化遗产的实践开展;二是注意手工艺类非物质文化遗产与环境的密切关系,加强文化遗产的原生态保护;三是加强对具体类别的非物质文化遗产研究,研究是另一种形式的保护。

   Last century, as the mankind enriched acknowledge and made their cognition more and more deeply, the mankind made great efforts to protect their heritage. After the Second World War, there were lots of treaties and pacts passed to protect the heritage in the world, but those treaties and pacts fasten on physical heritage. In the past few decades, the economic was high up in the pictures, at the same time, human being were reviewing and considering their history, culture and ethos, a raised problem that how to protect national culture, to make ethos continuious, and to promote their nation's development. So a study about intangible was born, namely, the intangible heritage. For a long time, in our country, people fasten on physical cultural heritage, and didn't pay attention to ICH, folklorist and ethnologist had done some work on it, but for kinds of reasons, the information was badly destroyed. In recent years, Scholar pays attention to ICH, and research on it. The works on ICH not only statute but also research in our country drop behind Japan, France and Korea. To establish ICH protection system must base on research work, so the research work on ICH is necessary. Through the research work, many theory problems can be clarified, and may afford theory guidance for practice. The thesis chooses the Yangjiabu wood engraving picture as a study case, through fieldwork, theory study and contact practice, studies the Yangjiabu wood engraving picture from three points of view, namely, art, technology and heritage. The study tries to build up system info, at the same time, tries to find out a way to protect this kind of ICH in museum. There are five parts in the thesis. Chapter I , introduction. In this chapter the academic significance of the subject, the review of former study and current situation, research process and methods are discussed. The study on ICH was very late, in the past few decades of last century; scholars began to pay attention to it. Now its concept, connotation and characteristic still are discussed. So it has important academic significance to strengthen basic research, not only in theory, but also in practice. The studies choose the Yangjiabu wood engraving picture as a case, make fieldwork and relate information for further study to discuss the theory of ICH. Chapter II: The fieldwork and interpretation on Yangjiabu wood engraving picture. Firstly, collect all information about Yangjiabu village and Yangjiabu wood engraving picture, and make the information as the base to discuss the artistic feature in aesthetics. Through reading the contents we interpret Yangjiabu wood engraving picture, including its functions, significance and philosophy and world view. Chapter III: theory research on the category of Handicraft of ICH. Based on field work, this chapter discusses about problems as follows: the situation of handicraft, the pass down ways of handicraft technique, the essence of the protection, and so on. Through the case study, the author put forward some ways and conditions to protect this kind of ICH. At the same time, there are game theories in the protection among government, scholars and people who are holding the technique. Chapter IV: The Role of museums in protecting the category of Handicraft in ICH. For a long time, the museum majors in protecting tangible cultural heritage, but the research of museum should catch up with the need of the time, not only tangible heritage but also intangible heritage needs museum to protect. With the development and progress of the times, there were many new types of museum occurred, ecological museum, digital museum and community museum are playing importance role in protecting ICH. Those new types of museums fill up a deficiency which traditional museum work in ICH. The Yangjiabu village sets up a system to protect Yangjiabu wood engraving picture, not only build museum, but also to do a good research. Chapter V Complementary exposition. In this chapter, some problems were discussed one more time. At the same time, some new considerations are given to protect handicraft technique in new century. The study on traditional handicraft techniques is a complete system, in actual work; we should not only pay attention to the relation between heritage and environment, but also take notice of the relation between different cultures. We would like to examine the problem from two points of view, one is macro, and the other is micro. There are lots of works to do in handicraft, firstly is fieldwork, secondly is to discuss the relation between heritage and environment, thirdly, theory research, because research is another form of protect.

【关键词 (中文/英文)】 手工艺类; 非物质文化遗产; 理论; 博物馆; 保护  Handicraft ; ICH ; Theory ; Museum ; Protection

【发表年期】2007年03期 【网络出版投稿人】山东大学 【DOI】CNKI:CDMD:1.2007.088748




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