最后,传统中国社会对宗教的管制也部分影响到宗教的组织形式。因为儒家政权担心宗教团体可能会成为反叛的工具,所以始终对宗教组织的规模和构成加以防范。从10 世纪始至民国时代,政府以核发度牒的形式控制僧道的规模。《大清律》规定:“若僧道不给度牒,私自簪剃者,杖八十。若由家长,家长当罪。寺观主持,及受业师私度者,与同罪,并还俗”(沈之奇,2000) 。这些措施阻碍了佛教和道教发展成类似罗马天主教的、高度科层化和制度化的宗教组织。与此同时,由于民间宗教不需要神职人员,不需要大笔投资建设庙宇道观,也不要求信众定期聚会,因此在政治上相对安全。因为政治风险小,所以地方庙宇和以分灵体系为主体的民间宗教在传统中国的宗教市场中居于主导地位。不过,随着宗教管制的解除,台湾各宗教迅速教团化。佛教开始模仿基督教建立组织严密的教团;民间宗教的庙宇也逐渐成为法人社团,编写经书、组织信众聚会读经;一些民间宗教的从业者,比如乩童,开始设帐授徒,成为制度化的新兴宗教的创立者。总之,台湾地区的宗教解禁直接导致了宗教组织形态的变迁, 聚会型宗教日渐兴盛(Lu et al . ,2008) 。
六、讨论与结论
宗教社会学在草创之初曾有恢宏的气度。韦伯的宗教社会学著作本质上是跨文化比较研究,视野远及印度和中国。涂尔干分析的重点之一是原始宗教,比如澳洲的土著宗教。但二战之后,宗教社会学的路越走越窄,格局也越来越小,与主流社会学界绝缘并被孤立(isolated and insulated) 。到了上世纪80 年代,特纳感慨到,宗教社会学实际上沦为“基督宗教社会学”(the sociology of Christianity) (Turner ,1983 :5) 。20 年过去了,这一现象并没有得到太大改观。美国最主要的两个宗教社会学刊物《宗教社会学》( Sociology of Religion) 和《科学研究宗教学刊》( Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion) 在1996 - 2002 发表的有关亚洲宗教研究的论文数量极少,宗教社会学研究仍然过分偏重西方社会中的宗教(Lang , 2004) 。
作为西方宗教社会学理论的新范式,宗教市场理论逻辑严密,论证细致,而且能给经验研究提供很好的思路,但是如斯达克自己所言,理论和理论家不是用来膜拜的,而是被超越的对象。斯达克本人从不掩饰他对经典社会理论家的轻蔑和构建“真正”理论的雄心( Stark ,1997) 。在他看来,经典理论家的缺陷不在于他们的论述错了,而在于他们永远正确。斯达克深受波普尔影响,认为真正的理论应该是可以而且必须能被证伪的,理论必须有明确的解释边界和限制条件,一旦越界便不再成立。
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