其二,基辛认为,把文化当成一个意义的体系,其实忽视了一个事实:在任何社会中,文化都常被当成意识形态来运用,从而扮演着以世界观来掩盖政治经济现实的角色。( The Interpretation of Cultures :Selected Eossays ,p89. ) 换言之,作为意识形态,文化使某些人有权力,使另一些人屈从于某种权力,使某些人可能剥削别人的劳动力,使另一些人被剥削。因此,文化是一种神秘化的体系,而并非意义的体系。
主要参考文献:
1 Clifford Geertz. The Religion of Java. 1st ed. Illinois : The Free Press , 1960.
2 Clifford Geertz . ( ed. ) Old Societies and New States. 1st ed. New York : The Free Press , 1963.
3 Clifford Geertz . Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia. 1st ed.Berkeley : University of California Press , 1963.
4 Clifford Geertz . Peddlers and Princes. 1st ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press ,1963.
5 Clifford Geertz . The Social History of An Indonesia Town. 1st ed. Mass. : Cambridge and MIT Press , 1965.
6 Clifford Geertz . Islam Observed : Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia. 1st ed. Chicago : University of Chicago Press ,1968.
7 Clifford Geertz . The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. 1st ed. New York :Basic Books ,1973.
8 Clifford Geertz. Kinship in Bali (with Hildred Geertz) . 1st ed. Chicago : The University of Chicago Press , 1975.
9 Clifford Geertz . Meaning and Order in Moroccan Society ( with Hildred Geertz and Lawrence Rosen) . 1st ed. New York : Cambridge University Press , 1979.
10 Clifford Geertz . Negara : The Theatre State in 19th Century Bali. 1st ed. Princeston rinceston University Press ,1980.
11 Clifford Geertz . Local Knowledge : Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology. 1st ed.New York : Basic Books , 1983.
12 Clifford Geertz. Works and Lives : The Anthropologist as Author. 1st ed. Stanford : Stanford University Press ,1988.
13 Clifford Geertz. After the Fact : Two Countries , Four Decades , One Anthropologist .1st ed . Harvard : Harvard University Press ,1995.