This paper studies the biological and ecological characteristics of Tujia ethnic group in Qingjiang valley, biological and ecological adaptation, cultural ecological adaptation and characteristics of compound ecological system of Tujia ethnic group in Qingjiang valley by taking Tujia-inhabited area in Qingjiang valley of Hubei Province as a compound ecological system of nature-society-economy, taking the Tujia ethnic group in Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture as the research object, combining cultural anthropology with ecology and using the emic field study and historical data of cultural anthropology and the basic principles and methods of ecology. They mainly involve the physique ecology and distribution pattern of Tujia ethnic group, nationality origin, nationality migration, population ecology, ecological adaptation of Tujia ethnic group in food, clothing, shelter, transportation and utilization, the production and living mode and ecological balance of Tujia ethnic group, the ecological meanings of religious belief, views on life and death, rituals and village governance, inheritance of ecological philosophy of Tujia folk literature and the characteristics of the ecological system of Tujia-inhabited area in different periods of time. The research results show: (1)Tujia ethnic group is distributed in 38 mountainous counties/cities in Wuling Mountains at the junction of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces. They mainly inhabit in low mountains (with an elevation of 300～800m) and middle mountains (with an elevation of 800～1200m), accounting for 47.87% and 42.69% of the total Tujia population respectively. Because of difference in climate and soil conditions, the living models of the Tujia people in different elevations slightly vary. (2)The historical data show that the Tujia people living in Wuling Mountains consist of a number of branch nationalities such as the ancient Ba people, ancient Pu people , Wuman people and aborigines in northwestern Hunan province. They blended and gathered in Wuling Mountains in different ways for different reasons. Tujia people have the basic characteristics of the yellow race. But affected by local natural and geographical conditions and climatic factors, their physique and appearance are the transitional type from the southerners to the northerners. Their lips are generally upright; their upper lip height is medium-sized with medium-sized lip or thick lip dominated. There exist obvious sex difference and age difference. Their lip height and oral fissure belong to medium-sized type; their auricle is moderate with medium-sized ear type or medium-long or medium-wide ear type dominated,
【关键词 (中文/英文)】 清江流域; 土家族; 分布格局; 容貌特征; 人口生态; 生态适应; 生死观念; 村寨治理; 复合生态系统 Qingjiang valley; Tujia ethnic group; distribution pattern; appearance features; population ecology; ecological adaptation; views on life and death; village governance; compound ecological system
