"The literature of the State of Qin" isn't "the literature of the Qin Dynasty" or "the literature of Qin", but means the literary activities and works in the State of Qin and the Kingdom of Qin in the Spring and Autumn Period(770B.C.-221B.C.). Its background is not the other states, but the State of Qin; its dominant member of the literary activities are the Qin people; its literary works inculdes the classics come down from the old times and the unearthed documents in recent years. When we research about the literature of the State of Qin, we can better understand the history and culture of the QinYing nation and the world of the Chinese classics. According to the current documents, the long history of the State of Qin's literature can be divided into three stages, namely, the Spring and Autumn Period(from the age of Duke Xiang to the age of Duke Ai), early and middle of the Warring States Periods(from the age of Duke Qin Li to the age of King Wu) and late of the Warring States Periods(from the age of King Zhao to the age of King YingZheng). There are remarkable difference between above three periods in literary achievement, style and so on. The literature of the State of Qin in the Spring and Autumn Period was a product of the rites and music culture of the XiZhou Dynasty integration of the cultural spirit of the State of Qin people. The culture of the XiZhou Dynasty had influenced on the QinYing nation before they founded a normal state. Official Historian was been set up by Duke Wen of the State of Qin marked they formal approved the rites and music culture. The doctrine of Zhou reached its height in the State of Qin at the age of Duke Mu and Duke Jing of the State of Qin. This shift in the culture was reflected in the literary works, such as the Qin Songs, the Brone Inscriptions in Qingonggui, and so on. On the other hand, the State of Qin people had not lost their cultural spirit in process of adopting the rites and music culture of the XiZhou Dynasty. We can found their national individuality through their classics, such as Wuyi of the Qin Songs and the Stone Drums. The main literary style of the Qin literature in the Spring and Autumn Period is potery. There were lots of graceful and valuable works of the State of Qin in this stage, for an example, the Qin Shi, Jianjia of the Qin Songs, ect. They are the important base of the State of Qin's literature getting a special and independent status in the history of the Chinese classics. The State of Qin was almost not any literary work in the early and middle of the Warring States Periods. Duke Xiao of the State of Qin and Shang Yang decided to make an attempt to revolutionize the old Qin ways. The sole of the law of Shang Yang was how to make the State of Qin stronger and richer. To achieve this end, an elaborate and rigidly enforced system of rewards and publishments, will insure the cooperation of the people, while trade, fearing, art, anything that may distract their energies from the pursuit of the goals were to be suppressed. So, the State Qin literature of slide into a low point in this stage. The work of the ZuChuWen was been finished in the age of King Huiwen through imitated other literary work, the LuXiangJueQinShu in the literal, and displayed little originaltity. The literary activities in the State of Qin in late of the Warring States Periods had become alive and varied. At that time, reunification of the states was the aspiration of the whole nation. And the trend of culture fusion was accelerating more obviously than ever before. This phenomenon was becoming more and more manifest in the State of Qin. The Daybook on the Bamboo Slips of the Qin Dynasty and the Way to Be An Offical on the Bamboo Slips of the Qin Dynasty Unearthed in Shuihudi were evidences. Because of these, the literary works of the State of Qin in this stage, such as LuShiChunQiu and Admonition Against Ordering Guests to Leave have special internationalism feature. At the same time, unlike the aristocratic individuality of the the classcis of the State of Qin in in the Spring and Autumn Period, folk factors played an important rote in the works of the State of Qin in late of the Warring States Periods. JiePian of the Daybook on the Bamboo Slips of the Qin Dynasty is very lively and humorous; A Letter from Heifu and A Letter from Jing are full of sincere feeling. They should had a high place in the history of the State of Qin literature and the history of Chinese Classics. The history of the State of Qin literature fully 550 years clearly demonstrate that an opening and multi-cultural system is a precondition for continuous development of literature. On the contrary, a closed and mono-cultural system would delay inevitably the progress of literature. Meanwhile, literature has inherent and particular principle in its historical phases, but some outside factors, such as the ideology of the political also playing greatly influenced on it. Literature is historical, also is cultural, is still esthetic, and is emotional. All these not only are the standards which judge value on the State of Qin literary works, but also are the enlightenment from this paper.
【关键词 (中文/英文)】 秦国文学; 历史; 文化; 政治; 意义 the State of Qin literature; history; culture; political; significance
