中 文 摘 要
本文是教育部国家重点人文社科基地重大项目《中国民俗文献史纲要》的子项目《碑刻民俗志》,结合北京师范大学民俗典籍文字研究中心与法国远东学院合作《北京寺庙碑刻与社会史》进行,并与两个项目共享资料和数据库。
本文研究北京旧城寺庙碑刻中与民俗文化有关的部分,主要探讨分析、管理和共享碑刻民俗的理论与方法,同时尝试探索北京城市民俗的某些特点。重点以北京旧城寺庙碑刻为基础资料,参考历史文献、政府档案及田野调查等相关资料,综合运用民俗学研究方法和文化遗产保护的共享工作方法,辅以计算机技术方法,借鉴并吸收相关领域学术成果,在碑刻民俗整体分类和民俗个案研究的基础上,以数据库为主要技术手段,构建数字化碑刻民俗学术资料系统,探索碑刻资料与民俗研究的关系,以及民俗学管理和共享碑刻资料的方法两方面问题。本文采取数字媒介与纸介媒介并行的方式,从理论和实践两个层面同时开展工作,以碑刻民俗志学位论文和数据库为初期研究成果。
本文分为六部分,分别是绪论、正文四章和结论,另有附录七种。
正文共四章。第一章是概念界定,主要使用学术史成果和地方社会历史文献,对碑刻民俗志的概念和性质进行研究,说明碑刻民俗志概念与相关理论的关系,及其在学者、地方社会、用户和技术多元互动的框架中,发现对方也反省自己的性质。第二章概述碑刻记载的民俗文化,主要使用北京内城寺庙碑文资料,从整体上研究碑文记载与民俗文化的关系,关注碑刻运作权力中的冲突与民俗认同,发现碑刻对民俗共同体的记载情况,并探讨相关数据处理的原则。第三章是个案研究,综合使用文献和田野两方面的资料,以城市社会组织民俗为切入点,探索寺庙碑刻与城市民俗共同体的关系。第四章是方法论探讨,它在前两章研究的基础上,借鉴使用各领域学者关于数据处理和数据共享的理论成果,通过探讨建立碑刻民俗志数据系统的过程模式与原则标准,关注人文数据库的结构、内容和共享问题,提出属性要素、三库组配处理数据和数据库手册检测人文数据标准三种数据处理方法。
本文抓住寺庙碑刻与城市民俗进行研究,核心观点是,寺庙碑刻不仅记载了城市民俗文化,也在文本之外与民俗社会产生多种联系,可以用作民俗学研究资料。尤其是清代中期以后,随着北京城市商业的发展,城市居民围绕不同寺庙形成不同功能的共同体,并往往具有共同居住、共同祭祀、民俗认同和经济合作的特征。寺庙中的碑刻是权力的产物,它们不仅记录了这些社会组织民俗,还以民俗标志物的方式暗示、强化并传承了某些民俗,从民俗研究资料上说,它兼具历史文献、历史文本、历史文物和历史行为四种性质,需要从社会史、民俗传承和民俗文化遗产三种角度来研究。在这一学理研究的基础上,本文提出,提炼碑刻民俗的属性要素,并转化为数据库元数据,这是实现碑刻民俗从资料到数据转化的核心步骤;碑刻民俗数据的管理机制,是采取原始资料库—原始数据库—数字数据库的三库组配结构处理数据;碑刻民俗数据的共享前提,是通过制定系列手册,在开放讨论的环境中,不断发现并完善人文数据标准。
关键词:北京旧城寺庙碑刻、碑刻民俗志、民俗共同体、属性要素、数据库
Study on Inscription of Old Beijing from Folklore Perspective
——Folklore Analyse and Data Processing of Temple Inscriptions in Old Beijing
Ju Xi
ABSTRACT
This dissertation mainly discusses the folklore culture related to the temple inscriptions in old Beijing. The discussion is focused on the theories and methods of the inscription folklore that are analyzed, managed and shared. Some characteristics of old Beijing city are also investigated. This dissertation mainly applied the temple inscriptions in old Beijing as basic materials, with the related documents of historical literature, government archives and field works as the research materials. Not only the folklore research methods mainly used, but the cultural heritage protection methods and the computer technology are integrated as a research methodology. Borrowing and absorbing the academic theories of the related research fields, this dissertation classifies the inscription folklore overall and investigates case study, with the digital database as a main technology, to build up the digital inscription system and explore the relationship between the inscription and the folklore, the methods of the management and the sharing of the inscription are discussed. The theoretical and practical works are carried on, from the aspects of the digital medium and the papery medium in parallel. This dissertation and the database of inscription folklore signifies the primary achievement of the research.
The dissertation consists of six parts, which are the introduction, conclusion and four chapters and seven appendixes .
The four chapters make up the main body. The first chapter is the definition of concepts. The related theories are applied to study the concepts and the properties of the inscription folklore. The relationship between the concepts of inscription folklore and the traditions of the local society are defined. Properties of the inscription folklore study in the multi-variant interactive framework including researchers, local society, and users and technology are given out. The second chapter summarizes the folklore culture narrated in the inscription records. and talk about the power conflict, folklore identify and the characteristics of the urban community. Furthermore, the principles of the data processing are discussed. The third chapter is focused on the case study. The materials from literature and field work are used in an integrated way. The chapter begins with the research into the organization in urban society. It is pointed out that the role of the temple played in the development of urban community and the data processing principles are further concluded. The fourth chapter is the discussion on methodology. Based on the research of the former chapters, as well as the theoretical achievements of the data processing. The management and sharing methods of the inscription are settled. The attribute elements, the “original documents—original database—digital database” structure and the detecting of humanities data standards by handbook series are proposed as three key methods.
The dissertation is focused on the temple inscription and the urban folk. The core idea is that the temple inscription not only recorded the urban folk culture but also had relationships with folk society, which can be used as the research material of folklore study. Especially after the middle of the Qing Dynasty, with the development of the city commercialization in Beijing, communities with different functions were emerged around different temples. The communities often had properties of co-inhabitancy, co-sacrifice, folklore identity and economic cooperation. The temple inscriptions implied, strengthened and transmited some folklore, and recorded this kind of society organization as well. From the aspect of the folklore research material, the temple inscriptions can process the essences of historical literature, text, relic and behavior, which need to be studied from the points of view of the social history, folklore transmitting and the folklore culture heritage. Based on the theoretical research into this field, the dissertation proposed a method to achieve the transformation of the inscription folklore materials to data. That is to extract the attribute elements of the inscription folklore and transforms them into metadata of the database system. The management mechanism of inscription data applies “original documents—original database—digital database” structure. With the help of the well defined database reference book, the sharing of the inscription data can be achieved, which provides an open discussion circumstance, to make further findings and improvement on the Humanity Data Standard.
Key words: temple inscriptions in old Beijing, study on inscription from folklore perspective, folklore community, attribute elements, database