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明成化刊本说唱词话研究

A Study on 《Ming Cheng Hua Kan Ben Shuo Chang Ci Hua》  

【作者】张守连 【导师】黄霖

【作者基本信息】复旦大学，中国古代文学，2003年，博士


【中文摘要】 文学应该反映人民的生活、思想，然而，笔者认为所谓中国传统文学在描写的对象和创作主体上都有一定的限制。因此，为了正确地了解古代中国人民的生活、思想，必须考究当时的俗文学。说唱文学是俗文学的代表之一。我们有必要在传统文学史中提高“说唱文学”的地位，以便用一种新的角度来看中国文学史，更加多方位、立体化地来理解中国古代文学，并进一步了解中国人民的思想和感情。从这个意义上看，《明成化刊本说唱词话》(以下简称《说唱词话》)的发现具有极其重要的文学史意义。 《说唱词话》是1967年在上海嘉定县被发现的，它所收录的是明代中叶成化七年到十四年(1471—1478年)间的作品，为北京永顺堂刊印，现由上海博物馆收藏，可以说是上海的宝物。在《说唱词话》的作品种数和分类上，众多学者议论纷纷、见仁见智。笔者考虑到艺术表现形式和主题思想内容的不同，把它们分为讲史类三种、公案类八种和宗教类二种来进行研究。 本论文首先述评有关《说唱词话》的先行研究，介绍其发现的过程。 第二章陈述《说唱词话》的成书背景，分为三节，第一节辨析“饲话”，第二节研究它的生产者和接受者阶层，第三节评述本书中珍贵的插图的作用。 第三章分析《说唱词话》的思想内容特征。它表面上阐发了儒教的价值观、佛教的道德观，而同时却包涵着对封建统治阶层的对抗和讽刺。它通过描写有关道教与世俗信仰的结合，使故事内容更加具有神秘的、浪漫主义的色彩。在书中反映了大量的民俗文化，如算命、占卜、解梦、元宵节、寒食节、婚礼和祭祀等的习俗。 第四章分为三节进行研究，第一节研究三大类即讲史类、公案类和宗教类不同的叙事结构模式特点。讲史类是四段叙事结构，即开端、发展、高潮、结局。公案类的叙事结构模式可分为两种：一种是传统的三个阶段结构，另一种是四阶段结构，即发端呻发展→高潮→结局，在此所说的“发端”，指“事件发生”；‘发展’指“案情的暴露、起诉”；“高潮即是“破案过程”；“结局”指“案子的处理”。宗教类的两个作品，在表面上具有三段叙事结构，但其内在结构可以用韩国盘嗖里的二元结构来分析。在此，二元结构意味着以紧张和舒缓的反复形式来推动故事情节。第二节进一步精心分析各具体作品的叙事结构特点，从中探索、总结了它们具有一定公式的叙事结构模式。第三节分析了它们的叙述层差，可见其叙事结构并不单纯，而是千变万化，这使故事内容更加丰富多彩。 第五章着重叙述《说唱词话》的说唱艺术特点，并且探索塑造人物形象的规则，即从二元性的特点来说明作品中的人物性格构图。《说唱词话》虽然具有韵散结合体，但明显以唱为主。本文细致地研究了说唱的运用方式，从中提出了〔说」和【唱]各自固有的作用。〔说]部分大致具有四个作用，即事件之间的连接;暗示或预示;【唱」内容的总结或要略;叙述独立的故事或神话的逸话。〔唱」部分一般具有五个作用，即描写某种情况或景物;描写人物外貌、性格、心理;[说]的内容反复叙述或更加详细叙述;事件进行的转换或者场面转换;主要事件的反复叙述。除了【唱]以外，其他韵文形式有【攒十字〕和插久诗歌。最后，分析其谚语和典故的用法，使语言具有娱乐性和教化性的两面性。 第六章阐述《说唱词话》的各个作品与其他文体文学互相影响关系。从中可知，讲史类三篇中，传说人物花关索是古来民间名将，《花关索传》与研究不同的《三国演义》版本有关，有关戏曲至今广泛流传。五代的历史人物石敬塘经过宋、元时期的变化，故事情节也发生了变化。原有的历史记载，到了《石郎验马传》才成为独立的、完整的文学故事。((薛仁贵跨海征辽故事》叙述唐朝时随太宗征伐辽国、多次建立战功的薛仁贵这一历史人物。随着时代的变化，加人了越来越多虚构成分，甚至薛仁贵成为救出皇帝的英雄。有关薛仁贵的故事显示了从历史到平话、从戏曲到说唱、从说唱到戏曲、从说唱到小说等等所有的文体形态之间的转移，其《薛仁贵跨海征辽故事》则具有桥梁作用。包公类的作品与元杂剧、明清传奇、贵池摊戏、《百家公案》、《龙图公案》、《三侠五义》和地方戏等都有密切的关系。《说唱词话》在从元杂剧向明后期的包公小说演化的道路上，占有十分重要的位置。它继承了已存的元杂剧的故事内容，并且把那时在民间流传并上演的故事迭编而刊印出来，影响到明后期的短篇包公案小说集的出现，并一道影响到清长篇小说《三侠五义》和《七侠五义》。由此可见，说唱、戏曲和小说之间的互相影响关系，揭示了从短篇故事集向长篇小说演化的典型模式。包公类故事，到了《说唱词话》增加了神话的色彩，并且情节内容更加丰富多姿，因此，获得了艺术的生命力。笔者认为中国说唱的形式是从佛教俗讲的影响下产生的，因此，说唱本身具有宗教的色彩是理所当然的。这样的宗教传统一道影响到明清宝卷。尤其是《莺哥行孝义传》，显示了从唐变文到明词话、从明说唱词话到宝卷的演化  

【英文摘要】 Literature should reflect the life and thinking of people. However, the writer holds that Chinese traditional literature is to a extent limited in its object of description and subject of creation. Therefore, it is necessary to observe and study the ancient folk literature for a correct understanding of ancient Chinese people's life and thinking. "Shuo Chang literature" is one of the representatives of folk literature. Writer holds an all-round study of Shuo Chang literature should start from two aspects, i.e. the literature works and performing art. It is of high necessity to raise the status of Shuo Chang literature in the history of traditional literature in order to look at the history of traditional literature from a new angle and to get a deeper understanding of Chinese literature. From this aspect, the discovery of "Ming Cheng Hua Kan Ben Shuo Chang Ci Hua"(referred as Shuo Chang Ci Hua below) in Jiading County, Shanghai in 1967, is extremely significant in the Chinese literature history. Shuo Chang Ci Hua embodies works during Cheng Hua year 7 to 14 in Ming dynasty(14711478) which was printed by Yongshuntang in Beijing. Now it is kept in Shanghai Museum and regarded as a treasure of Shanghai. Many scholars disputes about the variety and classification of works in Shuo Chang Ci Hua. Considered of its art expression form and main subject, in this thesis it is divided into three classifications for study, i.e. three kinds of historic stories, eight kinds of detective stories and two kinds of religious stories.This thesis first reviews the existing research achievements of other scholars, as well as the process of discovery of Shuo Chang Ci Hua. Chapter 2 describes its background and is divided into three sections. Section 1 analyzes the Shuo Chang Ci Hua; Section 2 studies its writers and readers; Section 3 describes the function of the drawings in the book. Chapter 3 introduces the features of the contents. Its main subject on the surface describes the Confucian view of value and Buddhist view ofmorality, while reflects in depth the opposition and sarcasm on the feudal governing class. The combination of Daoism and folk belief gives the stories a more mysterious and romantic color. There are also many descriptions of ethnic customs such as fortune-telling, divipation, dream-reading, Yuanxiao festival, Hanshi festival, wedding, sacrificial rites, etc.. Chapter 4 is divided into three sections. Section 1 describes the respective features of narrative structures of each classification, i.e. historic stories, detective stories and religion stories. The narrative structure of historic stories features in 4 levels, i.e. start, development, climax and ending. The narrative structure of detective stories consists of two kinds. One is traditional 3-level structure, the other is 4-level structure, i.e. happening, development, climax and ending, "happening" here means "happening of the case"; "development" means "discovery and indictment of the case"; "climax" means "process of solving the case"; "ending" means "settlement of the case". The two religion stories feature in a 3-level structure on the surface, but their internal structure can be analyzed with dual structure, a feature in Korean Pansori, which means to organize the story with a repetition of tense and relax. Section 2 further analyzes the respective narrative structures of each story, and reaches the conclusion that there is a formula of narrative structures. Section 3 describes the differences among the narrative structures, which reflects that the structure is not simple, but full of changes to make the story more attractive and colorful. Chapter 5 emphasizes on the art features of Shuo Chang, and researches rules of forming character's images. Though Shuo Chang Ci Hua features in a combined style of prose and verse, but the part of Chang is more important. Further study of way of using Shuo and Chang reflects their respective functions. The  

【网络出版年期】2004年02期 【网络出版投稿人】复旦大学 【网络出版投稿时间】2003-12-23 【DOI】CNKI:CDMD:1.2003.125375 攻读期成果