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风筝的文化生态学研究

A Cultural Ecology Study on Kite Culture  

【作者】唐建军 【导师】崔大庸

【作者基本信息】山东大学，专门史，2008年，博士


【中文摘要】 20世纪70年代末80年代初以来,随着对外开放的不断深入和中国与世界各国文化交流活动的日益频繁,风筝文化以其特有的魅力和意义,成为具有官方色彩的有章法、有规范的风筝体育文化和有丰富文化内涵的文化旅游项目,它不仅被广泛地用于放飞、比赛、娱乐,而且已大踏步地跨入艺术的殿堂,成为美化人们生活的艺术品、收藏品、旅游纪念品。然而,与蓬勃发展的风筝实践活动相比,当前学界对风筝艺术的研究相对薄弱。已有的研究成果或者只是将风筝视为一种客观存在的艺术作品,注重对这一艺术作品自身包括其源流、造型、体裁、绘画、制作技艺等方面的研究,或者只是从某个方面、某个地域涉及风筝艺术与民间社会生活的联系,而缺乏整体上的对风筝艺术作为生活的民艺的研究,从而割裂了风筝艺术与自然、经济、社会的联系,缩小了风筝艺术的时空张力。另外,虽然风筝制作技艺已被列入第一批国家非物质文化遗产名录,但已有成果对于今天如何去保护和开发利用风筝文化涉及不多。随着风筝作为旅游文化资源的重要性及其社会功能的进一步凸显,急需对风筝文化的内涵及其保护利用进行深层次的探讨和理论上的提升,以进一步弘扬和传播风筝文化。本文采用文化生态学这一新兴交叉学科的基本理论,对风筝艺术的文化生态系统进行整体的、系统的、动态的研究,以较全面地把握其生存的文化生态环境,并在此基础上提出可持续发展的保护和开发措施,从而深化对风筝文化的理论研究。文化生态学是一门将生态学的理论方法和系统论的思想应用于文化学研究的新兴交叉学科,它是在生态学完成了它的人文转向和文化学为了适应研究需要而借鉴生态学方法的背景下产生的,它的产生反映了20世纪中期科学主义与人文主义由分立、对抗走向融合的趋势。文化生态学把系统论思想引入对文化的研究中,注重研究文化事项与其生存环境的关系,并通过这种研究探讨文化的可持续发展之路。文化生态学的整体观和共生观、多样平衡观、动态开放观、层次结构观对风筝文化研究具有重要意义,与传统的文化分析方法相比具有理论上和方法上的优势。运用文化生态学理论和方法对风筝文化进行研究,在思维逻辑上可分为两个方面:一是风筝文化与环境的关系,这个环境是广义的环境,既包括自然环境,也包括各种人工创造的文化环境,如政治、经济、文化、信息环境等;二是风筝文化如何与系统协调,持续发展下去。本文从这两个方面展开对风筝文化的研究。首先是风筝文化与环境的关系。风筝的历史演变不是孤立的,其存在形态由飞行器到带有巫术性质的娱乐工具,再到纯粹的文化、体育、娱乐器具,主要功能从实用到娱乐,再到产业发展载体,都是与社会的政治、经济以及文化心理密切相关的。风筝文化的发展和演变不是平面的,而是在一定的时间和空间环境中展开的。在纵向的时间延续传承中,风筝依靠家族传承和谱诀传承两个体系实现其代代相继;在横向的空间延展传播中,由于各个地域文化生态环境的不同,形成了风筝的各个流派。不同的地域环境导致的哲学基础、思维方式及社会制度的不同,使中西方风筝形成不同的发展轨迹,在艺术特点上也迥然有别。风筝在民间文化系统中产生、发展、传承、传播,与民间文化系统中的相关要素如民俗、民间文学、民间绘画等相互交织、相互影响,共同构成了中国民间文化的特质,反映了中国民众的生活态度和思想情感。以系统的观点来看,风筝自身各个要素也反映了科学性与艺术性的统一、真善美的统一,形成一个有机的系统,这是使风筝具有独特品格而不同于其他民艺品物的重要因素。其次是风筝文化的可持续发展之路。按照生态学的生态系统平衡与失衡理论,今天风筝赖以生存的民间文化生态系统的各个因素已发生改变,风筝文化生态环境也随之改变。采取有效的保护和开发利用措施才能使风筝文化适应新的生存环境,使之得以传承并获得可持续性的发展。通过对风筝各文化因子的保护达到文化的多样化共存共生,通过开发利用使文化获得更新再生,最终使各文化因子在协调状态下传承下去并达至文化的可持续发展。在充分认识风筝文化保护必要性的基础上,必须遵循可持续发展、发展中保护、整体文化生态保护的原则,从理念层面、管理层面、操作层面分别制定相应措施对风筝文化加以保护。遗产的开发利用永远是为遗产的保护、传承、可持续发展服务的,开发利用不是目的,而是手段,风筝文化的开发利用是风筝文化传承的途径和手段。对风筝的开发利用,在市场经济条件下,必须走文化产业化的发展道路,实现文化价值向经济价值的转换。现代风筝制造产业、旅游产业以及现代文化产业是风筝文化产业发展的重要领域。本文的结语部分将文化生态学基本理论与中国传统生态思想相对比,提出两者之间的契合关系,并从中国传统生态思想角度出发,将风筝文化思想总结为“四合”,“四通”,既是对全文的内容总结和理论升华,又揭示  

【英文摘要】 From late 1970's and early 1980's,along with the China's opening policy and the frequency of cultural contacts with the outside world,kite culture,with its peculiar charm and significance,has become a kind of regular sport culture with official color and a culture-oriented tourism project.It is not only used broadly in many activities, such as in flying,competition,entertainment,but also treated as work of art, collection,tourism souvenir,beautifying our living.However,compared with the vigorous kite practice activities,research on kite art from academic aspect nowadays is still relatively weak.The research that has been carried out either treats the kite as a kind of art work,paying more attention to kite itself,such as its origin,sculpt,subject, brushwork,technique,etc.or deals only with the connection between the art and popular social life in some aspects or some regions,regardless the kite art as one part of people's life.As a result,the research at present have cut apart the connections among the kite art with natural world,economy and society,have reduced the space-time tension of the kite art.Besides,although the technique of kite making has already been listed in the first group of country intangible cultural heritage directory, its research at present pays no more attention to its protection,development and utilization.As tourist culture resources,the kite art's significance and social function are becoming more and more obvious,we therefore need urgently to do further research in theory about its cultural connotation,its protection,development and utilization so as to further expand and spread this culture.This thesis adopts cultural ecology which is one of newly developing intersect subjects as basic theory,carrying out a kind of entire,systematic,dynamic research on kite culture.In this way,we can grasp the ecological environment of kite culture entirely,thus we are able to find out the sustainable ways about its protection and utilization,so as to deepen kite culture study.Cultural ecology offers a new angle of view for the study of kite culture.It is a new intersecting subject which applies the ecology theories and systematic theories to culture research.It emerges under such background that ecology has finished its humanity change and the science of culture is seeking for a new kind of theory,its emergence reflects the trend in 20th century medium term which the relations between science and humanities changed from separation,resisting to fusion.Cultural ecology leads system thought into the culture research,attaches importance to the relations between culture and its living environment,and seeks for the sustainable development road of kite culture.Compared with the traditional ways of cultural research,cultural ecology,being superior in theory and method,shows mainly the concept of viewing the situation as a whole and the concept of intergrowth,varied equilibrium,dynamic opening and administrative structure.Ecology theory and method applying concretely to the kite culture studying includes two aspects,one is the relation between kite culture and its living environment which is a broad concept,including not only natural environment,but also all kinds of man-made cultural environment,such as politics,economy,culture and information environment etc.The other is the ways about kite culture's sustainable development.The thesis studies the relation between kite culture and its living environment first.Kite's historical development is not isolated.Its existing formation transformed from aerocrafts to entertainment tools with sorcery character to pure culture,sports, entertainment appliances again;and its main function transformed from pragmatic to entertainment to industrial carrier,but contacts closely with social politics,economy and culture mentality.The development and evolution of kite culture is not a flat surface,but being spreading out in certain time and space environment,In longitudinal continuum,the kite culture was delivered from generation to generation through two systems—clan inheritance and score and formula inheritance;in lateral extension space,all kinds of kite schools formed due to the regional difference in nature and environment.Different environment leads to different philosophical basis, mode of thinking and the social system,which cause the great differences on art styles between Chinese kites and western kites.The kite creates,develops,inherits and spreads in folk culture system,the kite and the key element of folk culture system, such as folk custom,folk literature,folk drawing etc,has interacted and interwove mutually.They compose Chinese folk culture particularity commonly,and reflect life attitude and thought emotion of Chinese public.Regarding on systematic viewpoint, each key elements of kite itself form an organic system,which reflects not only the unification of science and art,but also the unification of truth,good and beauty.These are the key factors that make the kite art have distinctive character and be different from other folk works of art.Secondly,the thesis studies the roads of kite culture sustainable development. According to ecology system balance and unbalance theory,all folk culture ecosystem factors that kite today relies on have already changed,the kite culture ecological environment changes also with that.Effective protection and developing measures must be adopted to make kite culture adapt to the new living environment,also make it inherit and develop forever.We should remain the kite culture factors diversification coexistence by protecting measures,should renew and regenerate them by utilization,so that we can make the kite culture factors gain sustainable development in a harmonizing state.On basis of realizing the protecting necessity in the kite culture,we should abide by some protecting rules which are sustainable development rule,protection with development rule,overall culture ecosystem protection rule,and carry out corresponding protecting measures separately in thinking tier face,managing tier face and operating tier face.The heritages exploitation is subordinate to its protection,inheritance and sustainable development, the former is not purpose,but means,so is the kite culture heritage.Under the condition of market economy,the exploitation to the kite culture must follow industry development road,change culture value to economic value.The modern kite manufacture industry,tourism industry and modern cultural industry are important kite development fields.The concluding part of the thesis contrasts the basic thought of cultural ecology with Chinese tradition ecology thought,points out the agreement relation between the both.Furthermore,it also summarizes the kite culture for "four rounds" and "four fits" from the angle of Chinese tradition ecology thought,which not only sum up the content to full text and promote the theory,but also reveal the inherent reasons tha  

【中文关键词】 风筝; 风筝文化; 文化生态学

【英文关键词】 kite; kite culture; cultural ecology

【网络出版年期】2009年01期 【网络出版投稿人】山东大学 【网络出版投稿时间】2008-11-25 【DOI】CNKI:CDMD:1.2008.192364 攻读期成果