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王梵志诗合成词专题研究
Study on the Special Compound Words in Wang Fanzhi Poetry  

【作者】曹翔 【导师】华学诚; 徐莉莉

【作者基本信息】华东师范大学，汉语言文字学，2007年，博士


【摘要 (中文/英文)】 王梵志是初唐通俗诗人。王梵志诗在我国文化思想史、敦煌学、民俗学上都占有重要的地位。王梵志诗主要反映着唐代底层贫民百姓的生活和思想，面向大众，用百姓的言语入诗，口语性质尤为明显，故它也是汉语史研究难得的语料。 本文把王梵志诗作为一个封闭的研究系统，穷尽式地筛选出由语素“阿、子、儿、头、家”构成的近百个合成词，较为系统地描写了王梵志诗专题词汇的产生与发展演变面貌；较为细致地勾勒出新、旧语言要素之间的兴替，并努力寻求新生的语言要素产生的动因，为汉语史，特别是近代汉语的建设积累些许材料。本文属于汉语史的专书专题研究，由绪论、专题研究、附录及参考文献四部分组成。 《绪论》部分主要介绍王梵志的生活年代及王梵志诗的影响、王梵志诗的语料价值、王梵志诗的研究现状、本文的研究目标、本文的研究方法、本文的研究价值等问题。 第二部分为专题研究，也是本文的主体部分，分为七章论述。第一章论说合成词的性质及对象，包括合成词的组合方式、合成词的研究价值、词缀的性质、词缀的鉴别标准及本文的说明等几个问题。 第二章专论由语素“阿”构成的合成词，即专论“阿耶、阿娘、阿谁、阿堵、山阿”等5个合成词(按行文的顺序排列，下同)。另外附论“阿姨、阿你”2个合成词。 第三章专论由语素“子”构成的合成词，即专论“鬼子、娘子、妻子、驴子、师子、肫子、袄子、庵子、铛子、巾子、笠子、绳子、瓮子、一向子、些子、(身弱)子、儿子、男子、逆子、孙子、天子、童子、王子、主子、子孙”等25个合成词。 第四章专论语素“儿”构成的合成词，即专论“妻儿、神猪儿、鼠儿、出家儿、丁儿、儿郎、儿孙、富儿、贫儿、市郭儿、孙儿、田舍儿、童儿、屠儿、黠儿、小儿、婴孩儿、丈夫儿”等18个合成词。此外，还随文讨论了“猪儿”、“出家人”、“孩儿”、“丈夫”等4个合成词。 第五章专论由语素“头”构成的合成词，即专论“骨头、馒头、铺头、嘴头、老头、街头、膝头、前头、上头、长头、各头、例头、齐头、笔头、幞头、牛头、头皮、岸头、当头、回头、叩头”等21个合成词。随文还讨论了“包子”等合成词。 第六章专论由语素“家”构成的合成词，即专论“他家、自家、家口、家母、家亲、家人、家僮、亲家、冤家、怨家、大家、店家、法家、合家、浑家、家常、家风、家具、家门、家舍、家事、家乡、贫家、人家、俗家、小家、出家、当家、家生”等29个合成词。 第七章《结语》主要简述本文的研究结论、本文的创新之处及研究价值等内容。 《附录》罗列了20世纪初以来有关王梵志诗研究的论著目录。 《主要参考文献》列举了本文研究所涉猎参考的主要论著目录。 本文研究的主要结论有如下几点： 1．王梵志诗中由语素“阿、子、儿、头、家”构成的合成词共98个，其中，附加式37个，占的比例为38％。这说明，附加式合成词在语言交际中占据了相当的份额，在唐代已经成为一种非常重要的构词方式。 2．在98个合成词中，出现的新词、新义有53个，占54％；也就是说，这53个新词新义是唐代新生的语言要素。这些新词新义被《现代汉语词典》吸收的有30个，占全部新词新义的57％。这说明唐代语言变化较快，也说明，唐代语言与现代汉语之间的联系是非常紧密的。 3．在98个合成词中，目前还未见于其他文献的有6个词，这进一步肯定了王梵志诗的语料价值。 4．在98个合成词中，产生于唐代以前的有69个，所占的比例为68％，说明了语言的渐变性和继承性。 本文的主要创新之处体现在以下几个方面： 1．本文初步梳理了百来个合成词的产生和发展的历史，一一分析其结构方式，为汉语史和构词法的研究积累了材料。 2．本文发现，现有大型辞书义项的例证晚于王梵志诗的有(不包括大型辞书未收的义项)22个词；本文还发现，大型辞书及众家论著中始见例证晚于本文发现的有27个词，两项共49个词(或义项)。另，本文发现，王梵志诗中出现而大型辞书未见收录的词有10个。 3．本文根据自己的理解，对23个合成词进行了重新诠释，对大型辞书和某些学者所给出的例证、词语释义进行了甄别、商榷，并给出自己的新看法。 4．本文对某些语言理论，如词缀的鉴别标准问题、词缀的产生时代、词缀的历史属性、词缀“头”、“家”的界定、词缀“儿”的性质等问题提出了自己的一孔之见，还对“神猪儿、市郭儿语、土馒头”等的组合方式进行了讨论。 5．本文对某些新旧语言要素之间的嬗变兴替状况作了些许探索。还对部分多义词义项之间的兴替作了简单的描写。 6．本文对某些新出现的语言要素的形成机制也作了一定的探索。 7．本文对王梵志诗中部分疑难词如“阿你、人兴料、触体”等作出了自己的理解诠释，为文献研究和词语考证研究、民俗研究贡献出自己的一见之得。 本文的主要研究价值体现在以下几方面： 一、在汉语史上，具体表现在： 1．本文的研究表明，王梵志诗中保存了众多的新生语言要素，再一次用事实证明了王梵志诗的语料价值。 2．本文对一些词的产生时代作出了新的判断，把几十个词的书证时代提前了，为汉语史上语言新质要素的发现作出了些许贡献。 3．本文勾勒了一批词的历史演变轨迹，对一批多义词义项之间的关系作了初步的梳理，为语义学的研究和汉语词汇史的建设做了些添砖加瓦的工作。 4．本文发现了一批产生于唐代的词汇，还发现了一批在唐代出现的新变化的词，即新义的产生，这些新词或新义是前人未曾注意，或辞书未曾提及的。本文还为少数几个词作了共时的描述。本文的研究为唐代断代语言的描写积累了材料。 二、本文的研究成果还体现在语言理论上，我们得出下面几点新认识： 1．词缀的虚化与虚词的虚化二者的性质迥乎不同。虚词的作用主要是表示语法意义，明确语法功能；词缀的作用在于组成新词，表达一定的附加色彩意义。 2．词缀的类推是有限度的，历时性质尤其明显；虚词的类推是开放的，共时性质比较分明。 3．词义演变有新发现。一般都承认词缀是由实语素虚化而来，却很少提到这样一种现象：一个词起初并不是词缀构词，而是由实语素组合而成的复合式合成词。但是到了一定的历史阶段，它却又变成了附加式合成词，这跟人们对词义的理解和使用有关系，也充分说明了汉语词汇演变的复杂性。 三、本文丰富了解释语言学的内容。本文不仅揭示了汉语史上某些语言新旧要素的嬗变情况，而且还对其嬗变的机制动因作出了初步的解释，把描写与解释结合起来。 四、本文初步考证了百来个合成词的产生和发展、演变的历史，对多义词义项之间的关系也多有阐释，为大型辞书的编撰和修订积累了材料。 五、本文的研究成果也可作历史文献的断代根据。这是语言学对文献学的贡献。  

Wang Fanzhi was a popular poet lived in the early period of the Tang Dynasty. Wang Fanzhi poetry holds an important position in the history of the traditional culture and ideology, Dunhuangics, and in folklore. Wang Fanzhi poetry chiefly reflects the real life and thinking that the people lived at the bottom rung of the social ladder in the Tang Dynasty, and it faced the common people and made use of the common people's words, and displayed the character of spoken language, so it is the rare language materials of Chinese history investigation. This article takes Wang Fanzhi poetry as a block investigation system, and limitedly selected the nearly-hundred compound words that is formed of the morpheme A、 ZI、ER、 TOIK JIA. and systematic depicts the process of the emerging、 development and evolution of the special lexicon, fastidiously drew the process that new language essential factors took the place of the old, and make efforts to find the emergent innovation of new language essential factors, so this article accumulates a few materials for Chinese history, especially for modern Chinese history. This article belongs to the investigation of the monograph and special subject, and it consists of four parts of the preface, special investigation, appendix, and reference documents. The preface chiefly presents the living period of Wang Fanzhi, and the investigation status quo of Wang Fanzhi poetry, and the value of the poetry's language material, and the objective and value of this investigation, and so on. The special investigation is the main part of this article, and this part consists of seven chapters. Chapter One analyses the characters of compound words, and the investigation scope of this article, including the consistent pattern and investigation value of compound words, and the characters and discriminating criterions of affix, and the introductions of this article, etc. Chapter Two especially analyses the compound words consisting of the morpheme A, amounting to five words, the same as Aye, A'niang, Ashui, Adu, Shan'e. In addition, the investigation of the two compound words Ayi, A'ni was appended to this chapter. Chapter Three especially analyses the compound words consisting of the morpheme Zi, amounting to twenty-five words, the same as Guizi, Niangzi, Qizi, Luzi, Shizi, Tunzi, Aozi, Anzi, Chengzi, Jinzi, Lizi, Shengzi, Wengzi, Yixiangzi, Xiezi Dangzi, Erzi, Nanzi, Nizi, Sunzi, Tianzi, Tongzi, Wangzi, Zhuzi, Zisun, and so on. Chapter Four especially analyses the compound words consisting of the morpheme Er, amounting to eighteen words, the same as Qier, Shenzhuer, Shuer, Chujiaer, Ding'er, Erlang, Ersun, Fuer, Pin'er, Shiguoer, Sun'er, Tiansheer, Tong'er, Tuer, Xiaer, Xiaoer, Yinghaier, Zhangfuer, In addition, this chapter also analyses the compound words of Zhuer, Chujiaren, Haier, Zhangfu, in the suitable context. Chapter Five especially analyses the compound words consisting of the morpheme Tou, amounting to twenty-one words, the same as Gutou, Mantou, Putou, Zuitou, Laotou, Jietou, Xitou, Qiantou, Shangtou, Changtou, Getou, Litou, Qitou, Bitou, Futou, Niutou, Toupi, Antou, Dangtou, Huitou, Koutou, In addition, this chapter also analyses the compound word Baozi in the suitable context. Chapter Six especially analyses the compound words consisting of the morpheme Jia, amounting to twenty-nine words, the same as Tajia, Zijia, Jiakou, Jiamu, Jiaqin, Jiaren, Jiatong, Qinjia, Yuanjia, Yuanjia, Dajia, Dianjia, Fajia, Hejia, Hunjia, Jiachang, Jiafeng, Jiaju, Jiamen, Jiashe, Jiashi, Jiaxiang, Pinjia, Renjia, Sujia, Xiaojia, Chujia, Dangjia, Jiasheng, and so on. Chapter Seven is the Concluding Remarks that chiefly relates the investigation conclusion and achievements of this article, etc. Appendix collects the investigation documents' list on Wang Fanzhi poetry since the beginning of the twenty-century. Reference Documents list the documents that this investigation chiefly referred to. The chief conclusions of this investigation are following: 1. There are ninety-eight words consisting of the morpheme A, Zi, Er, Tou, Jia in Wang Fanzhi poetry, and there are thirty-seven additional compound words of them, and the proportion is 38%. This says that additional compound words occupy fair shares in language communication, and it was an important word-building in the Tang Dynasty. 2. There are fifty-three newly emerging words and meanings of the ninety-eight compound words, and the proportion is 54%, and they were the newly emerging language elements. There are thirty of these newly emerging words and meanings in Contemporary Chinese Dictionary, and the proportion is 57%.That says that the language changed fast in the Tang Dynasty, and it closely relates Contemporary Chinese. 3. There are six not finding in other documents of the ninety-eight words, and that once more says Wang Fanzhi poetry is of important language materials for Chinese history. 4. There are sixty-nine emerging before the Tang Dynasty of the ninety-eight words, and the proportion is 68%, and that says the language is slowly changing and of inheriting. The new contributions of this article are chief following: 1. This article tentatively cards the history of the one hundred more compound words, and analyses their structural styles one by one. This investigation accumulates a few materials for the study of Chinese history and word-building. 2. This investigation discovers that there are twenty-two words being applied later than Wang Fanzhi poetry (excluding the words that large-scale dictionaries have not included the sense of a dictionary entry); and discovers that there are twenty-seven words being applied later in large-scale dictionaries and many treatises than in Wang Fanzhi poetry, the two kinds add up to forty-nine words (including the senses of a dictionary entry). besides, there are ten words of Wang Fanzhi poetry not including in large-scale dictionaries. 3.On my own opinion, this article afresh explains the meanings of twenty-three compound words, and afresh discusses the examples and the meaning of a word by large-scale dictionaries and scholars, and gives the my new explanations. 4. This article gives my own new views on some linguistics theories, for example, the differentiating standards and the emerging periods, the historic characters of the affix, and the definition of the affix TOU and JIA, the character of the affix ER, and discusses the composing styles of Shenzhuer, Shiguoeryu, Tumantou, etc. 5. This article probes the changes and replaces of new and old language elements, and this article portrays the changes and replaces of the senses of scores polysemies. 6. This article probes the emerging innovations of some new language elements. 7. This article gives my own new explanations on some knotty words in Wang Fanzhi poety, for example, A'ni, Renxingliao, Chuti, etc, and makes a little contribution to the investigation of historic documents and exegesis, folklore. The investigation main achievements of this article are following: 1. On the Chinese history, concrete facts are following: (1)This investigation says the conclusion that Wang Fanzhi poetry preserved lots of new emerging language elements, and bears Wang Fanzhi poetry out the value of language materials once more. (2) This investigation makes new judgment on emerging periods of some words, and shift books testimonies of scores words to an earlier time, makes a lot contribution to the investigating of new language elements on the Chinese history. (3) This investigation outlines historic changing locus of scores words, and afresh cards the ties between senses of scores polysemies, and makes a lot contribution to Chinese semantics investigation and the building of Chinese lexical history. (4) This investigation discovers scores new words and new meanings emerging in the Tang Dynasty, and they have not noticed by scholars, or have not referred in the large-scale dictionaries. This investigation portrays the features of a few words in the Tang Dynasty. This investigation accumulates a few materials for portraying language features in Tang Dynasty. 2. This investigation achievements embodies the linguistic theories, some new knowledge is following: (1) The emptinessization of the affix and function words is of difference. Function words act on grammar meaning, show grammar functions; and the affix acts on composing new words, shows the additional coloring meanings. (2) The analogy of the affix is limited, and its history features are obvious; and the analogy of function words is opening, the simultaneous feature is obvious. (3) This investigation discovers new features of the word meaning changing. The affix is originated from the emptinessization of morpheme, but the phenomenon has not noticed up to now: at the beginning, a word did not included affix, and then it was a compound word composed by notional morphemes. but to a new historic period, it changed into a additional compound word. This feature involves people's understanding and employing for the word meaning, and says the complexity of Chinese lexical changing. 3. This investigation enriches the contents of expound linguistics. This investigation not only reveals the changing characters of some new and old language elements, but also afresh explains the innovation of the changing of them, and integrates portraying and explanation. 4. This investigation afresh does textual research the emerging and changing history of one hundred more words, and expounds the linking between the senses of polysements, so accumulates a few materials for compiling and revising of large-scale dictionaries. 5. This investigation achievements are employed as grounds judging the period of the historic documents, and this employing says that linguistics makes a lot contribution to the historic documents subject.

【关键词 (中文/英文)】 王梵志诗; 合成词; 汉语史; 产生; 演变; 动因; 价值 Wang Fanzhi poetry; compound words; Chinese history; emerge; evolve; innovation; value

【发表年期】2007年03期 【网络出版投稿人】华东师范大学 【DOI】CNKI:CDMD:1.2007.082876