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吐蕃噶氏家族研究
Research on Mgar Family in Tibet
   
【作者】扎西当知 【导师】高瑞

【作者基本信息】西北民族大学，中国少数民族语言文学，2007年，博士


【摘要 (中文/英文)】 文章研究的对象是雪域民族智慧的象征——举世闻名的政治家、军事家与外交家,藏史上著名的大论(大相)噶尔·东赞宇松及其家族兴衰的过程。古汉文史料中把噶尔·东赞宇松称为禄东赞,吐蕃文化研究者把噶尔·东赞宇松及其子孙统称噶氏家族或论氏家族。 文章以辩证唯物主义的历史观,充分应用敦煌古藏文文献资料、吐蕃金石文献以及藏汉文古代历史文书等文献资料,运用历史学、文献学、文化人类学、民俗学等多学科的理论知识和研究方法,在国内外学者研究成果的基础上,对噶尔·东赞父子所处的时代背景、家族状况、个性差异、历史功绩与思想、政治、军事、外交等进行深入细致的多角度研究。具有三个方面的意义:第一,全面系统客观地研究噶氏家族,填补吐蕃早期世家研究的空白;第二,对松赞干布时期的吐蕃社会的性质重新定位,通过研究认为这一时期是封建社会而非奴隶社会;第三,确定噶尔·东赞宇松和其子赞聂多布、论钦陵、赞婆等重要人物的历史地位和功过。除导论和结语外,共分五章十七节。 首先,本文从分析噶尔·东赞宇松成长的时代背景和历史环境入手,指出噶尔·东赞宇松出生在世代官宦的政治世家,尤其是大论噶尔·芒响木松对噶尔·东赞宇松的政治素养和政治仕途起了决定性的影响和作用。从吐蕃的内部环境来讲,吐蕃兼并古陟森布杰、藏区的马尔满政权与达布政权以后,逐步走向全面统一;功臣争宠抢权,内部派系矛盾日益复杂。从外部环境来讲,吐蕃与大唐几乎同时兴起在亚洲大陆,继而称霸西域,与大唐抗衡。吐蕃地理结构特殊,西南面有喜马拉雅山脉做为天然屏障,致使吐蕃向此方向扩展不便,故而频频和东面的大唐接触——东争吐谷浑,北夺突厥。正是这样的内外环境造就了一代大论——噶尔·东赞宇松。 在噶尔·东赞宇松的嫡子问题上,历来有三子说、四子说和五子说。文章以《旧唐书·吐蕃传》为据,认为五子说较为合理。同时,通过古代汉文文献与敦煌藏文文献的比较研究,对噶氏嫡子一一勘正说明,确定各自的历史功过。如,《唐书》记载早死的赞悉若就是藏文史料中的噶尔·赞聂多布。按敦煌藏文文献记载,赞悉若并没有早死。父噶尔·东赞宇松过世后,赞悉若接任吐蕃大论要职,685年死于西藏的堆龙德庆。其功绩归纳为:健全和完善会盟制度;巩固和健全法制制度;建立边境市场,促进经济发展。 公元650年赞普松赞干布逝世后至698年——噶氏家族铲除之间的近半个世纪内,噶氏家族完全掌有吐蕃的政治决策权。因此,在这半个世纪的蕃唐关系中,噶氏家族所起的重要作用是不可忽视的。这段时期内,蕃唐高级使臣互访频繁,特别是在发生了赞普与唐皇驾崩等重大政治事件时,相互告丧并遣使吊祭,且还有请婚的历史记载。边疆虽时有战事,但都是为了维护各自的领土和利益。总之,蕃唐之间的友好是长期的,居主导地位的,战事是偶然的、局部的,并非蕃唐关系的主流。 分析噶氏家族被铲除的历史原因时归纳有三:噶氏家族的权利过大、赞普赤都松母子的猜忌、唐朝的离间之计。在噶尔·东赞宇松的嫡系问题上,通过汉藏史料的研究,文章认为噶氏后裔在唐宋而不在藏域的论断。

The article focused on the famous politician、militarist、diplomatist and Tibetan primeminister------Mgar stong btsan yul bzung, whose family was usually called Mgar family. The article studied Mgar stong btsan yul bzung's historical background, family, difference of characters, achievement and thoughts, etc. Three views incarnated the importance of the article. Firstly, writer studied Mgar stong btsan yul bzung's earlier family; secondly, writer evaluated quality of Srong btsan agan po Tibetan society newly and consider that the society of that time was feudalistic; Thirdly, writer evaluated Mgar stong btsan yul bzung 's historical position and achievements newly. The article was divided into 5 chapters and 14 sections. I .The first chapter is about Mgar family's name and its origin. This chapter studied their family's orgion, Mgar stong btsan yul bzung's life circumstance. Mgar was an age-old name, the scholars had different views on its origination. Writer considered that Mgar came from the earliest 4 names. II. The second chapter is about the research on Mgar stong btsan yul bzung. This chapter was divided into 4 sections. This chapter investigated Mgar stong btsan yul bzung's historical achievements, such as fealty to Tibetan king, perfecting laws, unifying Tibetan areas and proposing for Tang dynasty's princess. His achievements had greatly accelerated Tibetan dynasty's development. III. The third chapter is about the research on Mgar stong btsan yul bzung's descents. This chapter summed up his 5 sons' historical achievements, by investigating Tang and Tibet literature materials. IV.The forth chapter investigated Mgar family's main historical position and achievements in the bilateral relation between Tang and Tibet. The writer tried his best to study the reason why the Mgar family had been eradicated. V.The fifth chapter investigated Mgar family's distribution in Tibet and Tang dynasty after the family's eradication. Writer considered that Mgar stong btsan yul bzung's descents had gone to Tang dynasty.

【关键词 (中文/英文)】 吐蕃; 噶尔·东赞宇松; 文献; 功过 Tibet; Mgar stong btsan yul bzung; Mgar Family; Literature Materials; Historical Achievements

【发表年期】2008年08期 【网络出版投稿人】西北民族大学 【DOI】CNKI:CDMD:1.2008.013002