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裕固族文化谱系解读及其现代性研究

Cultural Genealogy Analysis and Modernity Studies of Yugur Ethnic Group  

【作者】董晓波 【导师】杨建新

【作者基本信息】兰州大学，民族学，2007年，博士


【摘要 (中文/英文)】 裕固族有着悠久的历史，他们的历史和文化是欧亚腹地(Central Eurasian)游牧民族历史和文化的缩影。裕固族的历史集中了战争、迁徙、分裂、融合、兴衰等一切戏剧的要素，在一幕幕交替上演的悲喜剧中，裕固人形成了自己独特的具有鲜明谱系学(Genealogy)特征的民族文化。本文的第二至第六章对裕固族的历史、宗教、语言、婚俗及文学谱系给予了分析和解读： 宗教信仰上，裕固族及其先民，先后信仰过萨满教、袄教、摩尼教、汉传佛教和藏传佛教，最后他们选择了藏传佛教。这种集多种成分为一体的混合型宗教文化是裕固族宗教信仰的显著特征，它既是理解裕固族历史的关键环节，也是其宗教出现弱化趋势的主导性因素之一。 文字、语言上，裕固族现在使用汉字，没有本民族的文字，主要操三种语言：东部裕固语、西部裕固语和汉语。裕固语使用状况大体可分为裕固语、汉语双语区，东西部裕固语、汉语多语区和汉语单语区(裕固语缺失区)。在现代化语境下，裕固族对本族语基本上持肯定性态度，但肯定性的程度却随着民族语分布地域和民族成员个体的不同而有不小的变化。 裕固族的婚姻分为正式婚姻和非正式婚姻，制约和影响裕固族婚姻形式的主要因素有：经济、宗教、母权制遗俗、传统文化等。裕固族婚礼有五项程序：送亲、打尖、踏房、入门、证婚，表现出女子与婆家分离—隔离—融合的过程。这些风俗都是历史和传统文化的积淀。 裕固族的民间文学记载着裕固族的历史、社会、文化和宗教变迁，神话多以原始信仰和古老的宗教意识为基底；叙事诗承载着本民族的历史，留藏着对先民们的永恒追忆。在裕固族的民间文学谱系中，神话、叙事诗的内容和意味并非泾渭分明、各不相关，而是相互包含和掺杂着宗教、历史、战争、生活等多种元素。 二十世纪八十年代以后，裕固族人的生活发生了翻天覆地的变化。本文以田野调查来反映这种剧烈的社会变迁，除了第四章语言的变迁以外，本文的第七章集中分析了裕固族乡村的家庭嬗变。文章通过历史资料和田野调查发现，受公共政策等多种因素的影响，裕固族逐步实现了定居，但他们的畜牧业生产仍离不开牧场，出现了生产地与定居点的分离。这种分离直接导致了该村裕固族整个家庭社会的变迁。在两地分离的特殊背景下裕固族传统文化发生了巨大的变化，出现了断裂与多元化并存的趋势。 裕固族这种独一无二的历史和文化是文化谱系学分析和研究的最佳样本。而本文也通过谱系学这一具有现代性语境意义的分析方法和话语方式，搭建起了文化型民族得以与西方文明对话的桥梁，最终试图通过文化谱系学的分析方法在现代化的叙事框架中烛照裕固族乃至中国少数民族文化演进的趋势和方向一内源性现代化之路。

Yugur Ethnic group has a long history and its history and culture is the reflection of the tribal ethnic groups in Central Eurasia. The Yugurs underwent the history of wars, immigration, divide, fusion and its flourish and decays. Tragedies and comedies shifted on the historical stage, in which Yugur people developed their own unique ethnic culture with distinctive genealogical features. This paper attempts to analyze and elucidate the Yugurs' history, religion, language, marriage custom and literary genealogy from the chapter 2 to the chapter 6. In religious belief, the Yugurs and its ancestors once believed in different religions: Shamanism, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism and Han's Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism, and finally converted to Tibetan Buddhism. Such hybrid type of religious culture is the distinctive feature of Yugur's religion, which is either the key link in Yugur's history, or is one of the dominant factors causing the weakening tendency of its religion. In letters and language, the Yugurs are now using the Chinese Characters without their own letters, mainly using three languages: Eastern Yugur dialect, Western Yugur dialect and Chinese. Places where the different dialects used can be roughly classified into Yugur-Chinese bilingual area, eastern and western Yugur-Chinese multi-lingual area and Chinese monolingual area (Yugur language losing area). In the modern language circumstance, the Yugurs generally hold the positive attitude towards their own language, which is varied with Yugur language used area and the Yugur dweller's difference. Marriage customs of the Yugurs is classified into formal marriage and informal marriage, which are constrained or influenced by the following dominant factors: economy, religion, the left customs of matriarchy, traditional culture etc. the wedding ceremony undergoes five parts: carrying the bribe to, making fire on the midway, Riding horses around the tent, entering the bridegroom's tent and witnessing the wedding, which reflecting the process of leaving-isolating-fusing of the bride and the future mother-in-law. The customs is the heritage of history and traditional culture. The folk literature records the transformations of history, society, culture and religion of the Yugurs, sagas mainly originated from the primitive beliefs and ancient religious consciousness; narrative poems keep the trace of the Yugurs' history and eternal memory of the ancestors. In the folk literary genealogy, myth and narrative poems can not be clearly separated or irrelevant, but mixed with many elements-religion, history, wars and life, etc. Since 1980s, the Yugurs life witnessed an unprecedented change. This paper employs the field research to reflect the great social change, beside the language transform in the chapter 4, the chapter 7 mainly analyzes the family transformation in the Yugurs family in countryside. The findings through historical documents and field research show that the Yugurs gradually settle down under the influence of many factors such as public policies, but the husbandry production still can not be separate from their pastures, which finally caused the separate of production site and settling site. This separation directly caused the transformation of the Yugurs' family and society. Under the special background of site-separation, the traditional culture of the Yugurs experienced great changes, and demonstrated the tendency of disconnection and co-existence of multi-culture. The unique history and culture of the Yugurs is the best sample of analysis and studies on cultural genealogy. This paper employs the analytical method and the speech form with the language context of modernity, building up the bridge between the ethnic group with special culture and the western civilization, and finally attempting to shed light on the tendency or direction of cultural evolutions of the Yugurs, or even the Chinese minorities- the way of endogenous modernization, through analytical method of cultural genealogy in the modern narrative frame.

【关键词 (中文/英文)】 现代化; 现代性; 文化型民族; 文明; 裕固族; 文化谱系学 Modernization; Modernity; Cultural Ethnic Group; Civilization; the Yugurs; Cultural Genealogy

【发表年期】2007年04期 【网络出版投稿人】兰州大学 【DOI】CNKI:CDMD:1.2007.115563 攻读期成果