[刘雅杰]论先秦文学的水意象
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论先秦文学的水意象
On the Water Images of Xianqin Literatures
【作者】刘雅杰 【导师】付亚庶
【作者基本信息】东北师范大学，中国古代文学，2005年，博士
【摘要 (中文/英文)】 水是人类赖以生存的物质基础,没有水就不会有生命,也就没有世界的存在。同时水又是人的精神的重要寄托,承载着人的喜怒哀乐,是人的思想情感的载体。因此,先秦文学中出现的大量的水意象,它的内涵十分丰富。本文分为六章,在运用民俗学、文字学、历史学、宗教学、文化学等多种方法基础上,更多的是运用原型批评的方法,深入到先秦文学的文本内部,从不同的角度论述先秦文学的水意象。 第一章论述由水的属性生成的意象,即属性型水意象。水有流动性、趋下性、柔弱性和清浊之分,水的不同属性、形态生成了不同的水意象,所蕴含的情感也多种多样。 水的流动意象在《诗经》中常常是人们内心动荡不安心情的写照,有时又是人的心灵世界的慰藉。而在楚辞中,屈原作品中的水的流动意象表达的是他内心的迷茫、惆怅,宋玉作品中的水的流动意象则是一种审美风尚的体现;先秦儒家在观照水的趋下意象时,把趋下的水看作是义、勇的象征,激发的是一种勇往直前、积极进取的精神。道家则把水的趋下作为美德善行的象征,而不论是儒家还是道家,都把水的趋下流入江海和 人民的归顺统治联系在一起;水的清浊不仅是人的视觉可以感受到的,而且寄托着先民的好恶之情、喜怒之感,蕴含着作者的人格理想和社会理想。清水意象成为善的象征,浊水意象则成为恶的化身,清浊之分引发的是人们对道德、人格上的理解。清水意象是峻洁人格的写照,是欢乐情感的载体,是长寿的象征。而浊水意象正好与此相反,成为否定性的对象;水是世界上最柔弱的物质,然而它又是最强大的,“天下莫柔弱于水,而攻坚强者莫之能胜。”1因此,古代先民特别推崇柔弱不争的处世原则和人格理想。 第二章论述由水的功能生成的意象,即功能型水意象。水的功能是多方面的,它可以满足人们日常生活、生产多方面的需要,具体来说,主要有洗涤功能、润物功能、承载功能、鉴照功能和观赏功能。 先秦文学中的沐浴意象纷繁复杂,它的起源最早可以追溯到原始神话。羲和、常羲浴日浴月的神话充满了浪漫色彩和大胆的想象,表达一种长生不老的美好愿望。沐浴是人神交往过程中的重要准备,表达的是对神灵的崇敬。沐浴又是两性交往的契机和纽带,表达的是爱的需要。先秦文学中的沐浴意象,往往交错着到洁与秽、净与垢。有的人物通过沐浴去垢还净,抛舍人生和社会的尘埃。有的人物则在沐浴过程中体现出洁与秽、净与垢的纠结;水是万物的本原,生命的本原,人和自然界的一切存在都要靠水的滋润才能生存。但是由水的润物功能生成的意象既有正面效应,也有负面效应。因此,人类美好的品行来自于水的润物功能,人的劣根性和疾病也来源于此;先秦文学中由水的承载功能生成的水意象多种多样,其所蕴含的意义也随着历史的推移而不断地变化,承载功能的水意象大多是抒发人的内心忧伤的情绪,引发的主要是一种沉重感和痛感;水是……
Water is the material base on which men rely for existence. Without water,without life orthe world. Meanwhile water is the important hope of people’s spirits. It bears the weight ofpeople’s happiness, anger, grief and joy. It is the vehicle for people’s ideological emotions. Sothere are a lot of water images in Xianqin literatures, and their connotations are very rich.This thesis includes six chapters. It uses the method of modle criticism much more on thebasis of appling many kinds of methods of folklore、characters、history、religion、culture etc.It goes deeply into Xianqin literatures and discusses the water images of Xianqin literaturesfrom different angles. The first chapter deals with the water images caused by water attribute. Water flowsdownward and it is weak, pure and impure. So there are different water images because of thedifferent characters and different shapes. The flowing water images were always the portraiture of people’s turbulent mood in TheBook of Songs. Sometimes they were the comfort of the people’s heart world. However, thewater images expressed his feelings which were at a loss and sad in Chuci of Quyuan’s worksand they were the vogue of appreciation of beautiful in Songyu’s; Xianqin Confucian thoughtthat the water tending downwards was the symbol of righteousness and valour. They canarouse a kind of up-and-coming and brave spirit. Taoism thonght they were the symbols ofvirtue and beneficent act. Both Confucian and Taoism thought the down water flowing to thesea had something with the rule; People can see water pure or impure and bearing the weightof people’s happiness, anger, grief and joy, containing the authors’ personality and socialideals. All people like pure water and dislike impure water in common. So pure water is thesymbols of goodness and impure water is the embodiment of evil. The pure and impure wateraroused people to understand the virtue and personality. The pure water image was theportraiture of lofty personality, the embodiment of happiness and the symbols of long life.The impure water images were opposite to that and became negative factors; Water is theweakest material but it is the strongest one in the world. “Water is the weakest and no one candefeat it.”2 So the ancient people specially believed in the weak principle and personalityideal. The second chapter deals with the water image caused by water function.There are manywater functions and particularly they contain washing、moistening、carrying、warning andviewing functions. The image of taking a bath was very complicated in Xianqin literature and its origin can be traced back to primitive fairy tale. The fairy tales of the bathed sun and the moon by Xiheand Changxi were filled with romance and imagination, expressed the good wishes of longlife. The image of taking a bath was the very important preparation of association betweenpeople and gods, expressed the respect to the gods and love between sexes. The image oftaking a bath interweaves cleanliness with dirty; Water is the source of things and lives.People and things live on the moisture of the water.The moisting water image had both frontaland negative effects. So both the virtue and wickness came from it; The carrying water imagesare very variety and its meaning changed with the time going. The carrying water imagemainly expressed sad feelings with heavy heart;Water was the original mirror, so the warningwater image became a kind of standard. If people’s heart was clear like water, they canbecome moral standard; Water has the effect of view.The water view images in Xianqinliterature formed varied pictures. Meanwhile they beared the weight of people’s spirit. Thevalue of water appreciation is different in different people’s eyes. The third chapter deals with the attitude images. The ancients impressed a lot when theysaw water. They always connected water with their attitude. Water is wisdom、source and theTao and it is the comprehensive vehicle of nine kinds of attitudes of benevolence、wisdom、righteousness、cleaner and valour. On one hand ...
【关键词 (中文/英文)】 先秦文学; 水意象; 原型; 理念 Xianqin literature; Water image; Model; Attitude
【发表年期】2005年04期 【网络出版投稿人】东北师范大学 【DOI】CNKI:CDMD:1.2005.072297
